Define water security

having access to sufficient amounts of safe drinking water.

Describe the aspects that contribute to water security

Social, cultural, economic and political factors all have an impact on the availability of, and equitable access to, the freshwater required for human well-being.

Describe how human activity is contributing to water insecurity

population growth or economic development must increase the supply of water or the efficiency of its utilization. Water is used for domestic purposes, for irrigation and raising livestock in agriculture, and for industry.

Describe methods by which water supplies can be increased

constructing dams, reservoirs, rainwater catchment systems, desalination plants and enhancement of natural wetlands.

Describe how desalination can increase water supply

The process is the removal of salt and other minerals from water in order to obtain freshwater. Reverse osmosis is a method of desalination using a semi-permeable membrane.

Describe water scarcity

refers to the limited availability of water to human societies. It can be physical or economic.

Describe physical water scarcity

the actual abundance of water present that limits water availability

Describe economic water scarcity

the available storage and transport systems may limit water availability

Describe water conservation techniques that can be applied at a domestic level.

metering, rationing, grey-water recycling, low-flush toilets, rainwater harvesting.

Describe water conservation techniques that can be applied at an industrial level in food production systems

greenhouses that use and recycle harvested rainwater, aquaponics systems that combine production of fish and vegetables, drip irrigation systems, drought-resistant crops, switching to vegetarian food production.

Describe a case study where a city has applied strategies to mitigate water scarcity

E.g. The Ethiopian Renaissance Dam, The Hoover Dam, Brisbane City Council Water Meters.

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ESS Term 4

2026 Syllabus Topic 4 and 8

Question	Answer
Define water security	having access to sufficient amounts of safe drinking water.
Describe the aspects that contribute to water security	Social, cultural, economic and political factors all have an impact on the availability of, and equitable access to, the freshwater required for human well-being.
Describe how human activity is contributing to water insecurity	population growth or economic development must increase the supply of water or the efficiency of its utilization. Water is used for domestic purposes, for irrigation and raising livestock in agriculture, and for industry.
Describe methods by which water supplies can be increased	constructing dams, reservoirs, rainwater catchment systems, desalination plants and enhancement of natural wetlands.
Describe how desalination can increase water supply	The process is the removal of salt and other minerals from water in order to obtain freshwater. Reverse osmosis is a method of desalination using a semi-permeable membrane.
Describe water scarcity	refers to the limited availability of water to human societies. It can be physical or economic.
Describe physical water scarcity	the actual abundance of water present that limits water availability
Describe economic water scarcity	the available storage and transport systems may limit water availability
Describe water conservation techniques that can be applied at a domestic level.	metering, rationing, grey-water recycling, low-flush toilets, rainwater harvesting.
Describe water conservation techniques that can be applied at an industrial level in food production systems	greenhouses that use and recycle harvested rainwater, aquaponics systems that combine production of fish and vegetables, drip irrigation systems, drought-resistant crops, switching to vegetarian food production.
Describe a case study where a city has applied strategies to mitigate water scarcity	E.g. The Ethiopian Renaissance Dam, The Hoover Dam, Brisbane City Council Water Meters.

Created by: DrLeeAGS

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