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Physics
Physics: Grade 10 Definitions Term 4
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Pulse | A single disturbance in a medium. |
| Transverse pulse | A pulse in which the particles of the medium move at right angles to the direction of motion of the pulse. |
| Amplitude | The maximum disturbance of a particle from its rest (equilibrium) position. |
| Principle of superposition | The algebraic sum of the amplitudes of two pulses that occupy the same space at the same time. |
| Constructive interference | The phenomenon where the crest of one pulse overlaps with the crest of another to produce a pulse of increased amplitude. |
| Destructive interference | The phenomenon where the crest of one pulse overlaps with the trough of another, resulting in a pulse of reduced amplitude. |
| Transverse wave | A wave in which the particles of the medium vibrate at right angles to the direction of motion of the wave. |
| Wavelength | The distance between two successive points in phase. |
| Crest | Highest point (peak) on a wave. |
| Trough | Lowest point on a wave. |
| In phase | Two points in phase are separated by a whole number (1; 2; 3; …) multiple of complete wavelengths. |
| Out of phase | Points that are not separated by a whole number multiple of complete wavelengths. |
| Period | The time taken for one complete wave pulse. |
| Frequency | The number of wave pulses per second. |
| Wave speed | The distance travelled by a point on a wave per unit time. |
| Longitudinal wave | A wave in which the particles of the medium vibrate parallel to the direction of motion of the wave. |
| Compression | A region of high pressure in a longitudinal wave. |
| Rarefaction | A region of low pressure in a longitudinal wave. |
| Echoes | Reflections of sound waves. |
| Ultrasound | Sound with frequencies higher than 20 kHz up to about 100 kHz. |
| Electromagnetic waves | An accelerating charge when an electric field oscillating in one plane produces a magnetic field oscillating in a plane at right angles to it, which produces an oscillating electric field, and so on. |
| Photon | A packet of energy found in light. |
| Neutral | An object that has an equal number of electrons and protons (no net charge). |
| Positively charged | Objects are electron deficient. |
| Negatively charged | Objects have an excess of electrons. |
| Tribo-electric charging | A type of contact electrification in which certain materials become electrically charged after they come into contact with different materials and are then separated (such as through rubbing). |
| Principle of conservation of charge | The net charge of an isolated system remains constant during any physical process. |
| Principle of charge quantization | All charges in the universe consist of an integer multiple of the charge on one electron. |
| Polarisation | The partial or complete polar separation of positive and negative electric charge in a system. |
| Potential difference across the ends of a conductor | The energy transferred per unit electric charge flowing through it. |
| Emf | The work done per unit charge by the source (battery). |
| Terminal potential difference | The voltage measured across the terminals of a battery when charges are flowing in the circuit. |
| Current strength | The rate of flow of charge. |
| Resistance | The ratio of the potential difference across a resistor to the current in the resistor. |
| Unit of resistance | One ohm (Ω) is equal to one volt per ampere. |
| Ohm's law | The potential difference across a conductor is directly proportional to the current in the conductor at constant temperature. |
| Vector | A physical quantity with magnitude and direction. |
| Scalar | A physical quantity with magnitude only. |
| Resultant vector | The single vector having the same effect as two or more vectors together. |
| One-dimensional motion | Motion along a straight line where the object may move forward or backward along this line. |
| Distance | The total path length travelled. |
| Displacement | The difference in position in space. |
| Average speed | The total distance travelled per total time. |
| Average velocity | The rate of change of position. |
| Acceleration | The rate of change of velocity. |
| Positive acceleration | An object moving in the positive direction is experiencing an increase in speed and an object moving in the negative direction is experiencing a decrease in speed. |
| Negative acceleration | An object moving in the positive direction is experiencing a decrease in speed and an object moving in the negative direction is experiencing an increase in speed |
| Deceleration | An object is experiencing a decrease in speed. |
| Instantaneous velocity | The rate of change in position, i.e. the displacement divided by a very small time interval or the velocity at a particular time. |
| Instantaneous speed | The magnitude of the instantaneous velocity. |
| Gravitational potential energy | The energy it has because of its position in the gravitational field relative to some reference point. |
| Kinetic energy | The energy an object possesses as a result of its motion. |
| Mechanical energy | The sum of the gravitational potential energy and kinetic energy. |
| Law of the conservation of energy | The total energy of an isolated system remains constant. |
| Isolated system | A system that does not interact with its surroundings, i.e. there is no transfer of energy or mass between the system and the surroundings. |
| Principle of conservation of mechanical energy | The total mechanical energy in an isolated system/in the absence of dissipative forces. |
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