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Lymphatic System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Lymphatic System | one way network of vessels, eventually empty lymph into venous blood |
| Where does the lymphatic system start | blind sacs |
| Lymphatic system components | lymph, lymphocytes, lymphatic vessels, lymphoid tissues, lymphoid organs |
| Lymph | fluid moved out of blood into interstitial spaces - to lymphatic system - back to blood - similar to blood plasma w/lower protein concentrations |
| lymphocytes | specialized cells of lymphatic system |
| lymphatic vessels | tubes that trasnport lymph, begin in all tissues that have blood supply, begin in small closed-ended (blind) capillaries that progress to larger vessels that eventually pass lymph tp venus blood |
| lymphoid tissues | lymph nodules, tonsils, appendix |
| lympoid organs | lymph nodes, thymus, spleen |
| lymph nodes structure | Dendritic cells abundant T cells circulate continuously Throughout the node are lymph sinuses crisscrossed by reticular fibers Macrophages reside on these fibers and phagocytize foreign matter |
| lymph node function | filtration - macrophages destroy microorganisms and debris immune system activation - monter for antigens and mount an attack against them |
| lymph node location | clusters in neck, armpits, groin, abdomen, and along lymphatic vessels |
| thymus structure | Two lobes connected by an isthmus, contain a central medulla and a peripheral cortex, covered by a dense connective tissue capsule |
| thymus function | Responsible for the maturation of T-cells, help the body fight off infections and disease, hormone production, role in autoimmunity and aging |
| thymus location | Behind the sternum and in front of the heart, upper front part of the chest, specifically in anterior superior mediastinum |
| spleen structure | smooth oval shape, consists of two main types of tissue: red pulp and white pulp. (red = filtering blood and removing old blood, white = produce lymphocytes_ |
| spleen function | filtering blood, storing blood cells, and producing lymphocytes |
| spleen location | upper left quadrant of the abdomen, beneath the diaphragm and posterior to the stomach |
| antibody | blood protein produced in response to and counteract a specific antigen |
| antigen | substance that triggers an immune response |
| immunity | body's ability to defend itself against pathogens, facilitated by the immune system |
| immune response | physiological reaction that occurs to defend against harmful substances, involving two main branches innate immune response and adaptive immune response |
| lymphedema | chronic condition - accumulation of protein - rich fluid in tissues, leading to swelling, the lymphatic system is failing to effectively drain fluid (often due to damage or blockage of lymphatic vessels) |
| necrosis | Premature death of cells in living tissue, localized tissue death, due to factors such as injury, disease, or lack of blood supply, can cause inflammation affecting neighboring tissues |
| immunosuppression | reduction in the efficacy of the immune system, makes people more susceptible to infections and diseases, their bodies are less capable of defending against pathogens |
| Lymphatic system functions | differentiation, maintenance, storage, distribution of lymphocytes, return of lymph to blood (maintenance of blood vol), transport of nutrients/wastes from tissues to blood (via interstitial fluid), protection/defense of body from foreign antigens |
| circulatory system | moves blood around body to deliver oxygen, nutrients, and hormones, and remove wastes |
| endocrine system | uses hormones to control slow, long term changes in body like growth, metabolism, and reproduction |
| digestive system | breaks down food into nutrients the body can use for energy, growth, and repair |
| lymphocytes are a special type of red or white blood cells | white blood cells |
| lymphocytes are derived from what | hemocytoblasts` |
| hemocytoblasts are located where | red bone marrow |
| T cells are located where | Thymus |
| b cells and nk cells location | bone marrow |
| lifespan of a lymphocyte | beyond 20 years |
| why do white blood cells live so much longer than red | they self repair |
| major concentrations of lymphocytes | interstitial fluid and lymphoid tissue |
| primary responsibility of lymphocytes | defense against specific antigens |
| T Cells 3 types | Cytotoxic, Helper, Suppressor |
| Cytotoxic cells function | Cell mediated immunity - need direct contact with antigen |
| Helper T Cell function | Required to activate & enable functioning of T and B cells |
| Suppressor T Cells function | inhibit activation & enable functioning of B and T cells |
| B cells function | when stimulated, differentiate into plasma cells that produce and secrete antibodies (IMMUNOGLOBINS) |
| B Cells produce which type of immunity | Antibody-mediated (humoral) |
| what dendritic cells | spiny-looking cells with functions similar to macrophages |
| Reticular cells | fibroblast cells that produce a stroma, or network, that supports other cell types |
| innate immune response | body's first line of defense, including physical barriers and innate immune cells |
| adaptive immune response | more specific branch and involves learning to recognize and respond to particular pathogens (this is how vaccines work) |
| interstitial fluid | fluid existing between cells in tissues, serving as a medium for nutrient and waste exchange between blood and cells |
| NK cells function | direct attack of foreign cells/ pathogens/infected cells of body, responsible for immunological surveillance |
| lymphatic capillaries | transport excess fluid away from interstitial spaces in most tissues and returning it to the blood stream, more numerous than blood capillaries |
| small lymph vessels | tiny vessels that transport lymph, a clear fluid containing white blood cells, collect excess interstitial fluid from tissues and transport it toward larger lymphatic vessels and eventually back to bloodstream |
| major lymph vessels | superficial lymphatics deep lymphatics |
| lymphatic trunks | main highways to lymphatic system, collect lymph and send it to larger ducts, collect from regions of the body |
| lymphatic collecteing vessels (two) | - thoracic duct (collects lymph from below diaphragm & left side of body above diaphragm) empties into left subclavian vein - right lymphatic duct (collects lymph from right side of body above diaphragm) empties into right subclavian vein |
| nonspecfic defense | General defenses that do not target specific pathogens (skin, fever, infllammation) |
| specific defense | immune responses that are directed at specific antigens, involves t cells and be cells, memory, and specificity |
| cell mediated immunity | specific defense carried out by t cells (especially cytotoxic T cells), their targets are cells infected by viruses or abnormal cells |
| antibody mediated ( humoral immunity) | Specific defense involving B cells that produce antibodies, their targets are bacteria, viruses in body fluid (not inside cells) |
| Properties of immunity: specificity | Each t or B cell respond to one unique antigen, receptors on lymphocytes match specific antigens |
| Properties of immunity: versatility | Immune system can respond to millions of different antigens |
| Properties of immunity: memory | After exposure to a pathogen, memory cells remain to respond faster and stronger next time |
| Properties of immunity: tolerance | immune system does not attack the body's own cells (failure of tolerance = autoimmune disease) |
| Antibodies structure | 2 pair of polypeptide chaines (1 heavy chain, 1 pair light chain) constant segment/ variable segment |
| antigen-antibody complex (how it functions) | neutralization agglutination/precipitation complement activation attraction of phagocytes opsonization stimulate inflammatory response |
| primary response of antibodies | The first response after initial exposure to an antigen, slow, produces IgM first, then IgG, memory cells are formed during this stage |
| secondary response by antibodies | A faster stronger response upon re-exposure, starts with hours, produces more IgG |
| 5 of 7 categories of nonspecific defense | Physical barriers - skin Phagocytes - Macrophages, neutrophils that engulf invaders Immune surveillance -NK cells destroy abnormal cells interferons - proteins that block virus replication Complement system - Proteins that help destroy pathogens |
| Class 1 MHC proteins | Found on all nucleated body cells, display endogenous (internal) antigens, recognized by Cytotoxic T cells |
| Diapedesis | white blood cells squeeze through capillary walls to reach infected tissues, part of the inflammatory response |
| Perforins | Proteins released by Cytotoxic T cells and NK cells that create pores in target cells' membranes, causes cell death |
| Complement | a group of plasma proteins that help antibodies destroy pathogens, can form a membrane attack complex (MAC) that punches holes in pathogens |
| interferons | Proteins secreted by virus-infected cells to warn nearby cells, interfere with viral replication and activate immune cells |
| activation of lymphocytes | process where T or B cells are stimulated by antigen to begin dividing and functioning |
| costimulation of lymphocytes | required to fully activate a T cell or B cell that helps differentiate between real threats and harmless molecules, reducing risk of attacking body or overreaction |
| Sensitization of lymphocytes | occurs when B cells bind an antigen and present it on MHC 2 |
| continuing the remaining 2 of 7 categories of nonspecific diseases | Inflammation - local response to injury/ infection Fever - raises body temp to speed repair and inhibit pathogens |
| Class 2 MHC proteins | found only in antigen presenting cells (APC's) like dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells, display exogenous (External) antigens |
Created by:
GabbyS1