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Music Flashcards
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the distinguishing characteristics of Baroque music style, especially instrumental music. | Ornamentation, Contrast, Basso Continuo, Polyphony, Emotional Expression, Use of Instruments, as well as Forms and Structures. |
| Ornamentation | Known for its ornate melodies and embellishments. The baroque time period is known not only for its elaborate music but for its elaborate art and sculptures. |
| Contrast | A hallmark of Baroque compositions is the use of contrast in dynamics, texture (solo vs. ensemble), and timbre (different instruments). This dramatic element adds depth and interest to the music. |
| Polyphony | Many Baroque feature polyphonic textures where multiple independent melodies are woven together. Particularly evident in Bach's work who mastered the art of counterpoint. |
| Emotional Expression | Baroque music often aimed to convey specific emotions or moods, utilizing musical techniques to evoke feelings. It was a significant shift from the more restrained expressions of Renaissance. |
| Use of Instruments | The Baroque period saw the rise of specific instruments, such as the violin and trumpet. Began to specify instrumentation in their scores. |
| Forms and Structures | Common forms during the Baroque era include concerto, sonata, and opera. These forms often featured a clear structure. |
| Concerto | A musical composition usually composed for a solo instrument or several solo instruments accompanied by and orchestra. Usually consists of three movements that are tonally and thematically integrated. |
| Sonata | A type of musical composition typically for a solo instrument or a small ensemble, consisting of multiple movements each with its own character and key. |
| Opera | A performance with costumes, and orchestra and voices to help tell a story with the orchestra accompanying the voice(s) |
| Claudio Monteverdi | (1567-1643) Last Italian madrigal composer, first great opera composer. Court+church composer in Venice and Mantua. Orfeo (1607) was his major work, pioneered use of orchestra, based on Orpheus myth. Possente Spirito Orpheus, underworld, music. |
| Henry Purcell | (1659-1695) Leading English composer of the 17th century. Composer+organist for royal music establishment. Dido and Aneas (1689) performed @ girl's boarding school, English Opera, built on ground bass, melodic aabb. |
| Antonio Vivaldi | (1678-1741) Spent most of his career at a girl's orphanage in Venice. Red head. Most famous for his concertos but also composed operas and other music. Four seasons, 4 violin concertos. Spring is the first act. |
| Johann Sebestian Bach | Brandenburg Concertos (ca 1721) set of 6 concerti grossi for various groups of soloists. Dedicated to Margrave of Brandenburg. Soloist for Concerto #5 in D Major. Flute, violin, harpsichord. Greatest composer of Baroque. |
| George Frideric Handel | (1685-1759) Trained in Germany, traveled in Italy. Messiah (1741) Oratorio (non-performance opera, usually religious) most famous oratorio, musical meditation on life of Christ, continuous performance. |
| Ritornello | A recurrent musical section that alternates with different episodes of contrasting material. In a concerto, the whole orchestra has a ritornello and the solo group contrasting episodes. A THEME THAT RETURNS REPEATEDLY WITH NEW MUSIC IN BETWEEN. |
| Fugue | A composition in which a short melody or phrase (the subject) introduced by one part and successfully taken up others and developed by interweaving the parts. |
| Da Capo | A musical term that means "from the beginning." Used to repeat the previous part of music. Looks like D.C. in music. |
| Similarities and Differences between Bach's Cantatas and Handel's Oratorios. | Their scale and purpose differ the two. Cantatas are typically shorter, with movements that can include arias, receives and choruses Can be used for many occasions. Oratorios however are usually longer and feature a sacred theme focusing on music. |
| What is the style, uses, and various types of recitative? | A style of vocal music that imitates the natural rhythm and inflection of speech. Has a range from more speech like to more musically sung. Dry=little accompaniment. Its purpose is to help tell a story, and to connect arias and choruses. |
| Baroque Concerto Types | Solo Concerto: Features single solo instrument w/ melody with orchestra accompanist. Grosso Concerto: Music is passed between small group of soloists and orchestra. Classic Concerto: May have 1+ soloists, can trade melody w/ orchestra, compete, etc. |
| Baroque Concerto Movements | Usually features a fast movement, a slower movement and then another fast movement. |
| Aria | Self-contained piece for one voice, with or without orchestra accompaniment. Normally part of a larger work. |
| Basso Continuo | Involves a group of musicians typically including a harpsichord and bass who play the bass line and improvise an accompanying chordal progression. Harmonic framework of the music. |
| Chorale | A musical composition (or part of one) consisting or resembling a harmonized version of a simple stately hymn tune. |
| Ground Bass | A musical term that refers to a short, recurring melodic pattern in the bass part of a composition that serves as the principal structural element. |
| Harpsichord | A string keyboard instrument that produces sound by plucking strings when keys are pressed. Invented in around 1397. |
| Libretto | The text of an opera or other long vocal work. |
| Opera Seria | Serious opera. It is characterized by serious themes. Often derived from classical mythology and history. Known for its solemn and dignified nature. |
| Oratorio | A musical work with orchestra and voices, typically a narrative on a religious theme. Performed without costumes. Most famous one is Handel's Messiah. |
| Overture | An orchestral piece at the beginning of an opera, suite, play, oratorio, or other extended composition. |
| Suite | A set of instrumental compositions, originally in dance style, to be played in succession. |
| Cantata | Several movements for solo voices, instruments, and often chorus. Sacred or secular. Sacred cantata used in church services. Chorale cantata: based on music and/or text or chorale. |
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