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EARTHS SYSTEMS
UNIT 10!
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Earth system | all of the nonliving things, living things, and processes that make up the planet Earth, including the solid Earth, the hydrosphere, the atmosphere, and the biosphere |
| Geosphere | the mostly solid, rocky part of Earth; extends from the center of the core to the surface of the crust |
| Hydrosphere | the portion of Earth that is water |
| cyrosphere | one of Earth’s spheres where water is in solid form, including snow cover, floating ice, glaciers, ice caps, ice sheets, and frozen ground permafrost |
| Atomosphere | the solid, plastic layer of the mantle beneath the lithosphere; made of mantle rock that flows very slowly, which allows tectonic plates to move on top of it |
| biosphere | the part of Earth where life exists; includes all of the living organisms on Earth |
| Energy Budget | a way to keep track of energy transfers into and out of the Earth system |
| air pressure | the measure of the force with which air molecules push on a surface |
| theremosphere | he uppermost layer of the atmosphere, in which temperature increases as altitude increases |
| mesosphere | the strong, lower part of the mantle between the atmosphere |
| troposhere | the lowest layer of the atmosphere |
| ozone layer | the layer of the atmosphere at an altitude of 15 to 40 km in which ozone absorbs ultraviolet solar radiation |
| greenhouse effect | a movement of ocean water that follows a regular pattern |
| temperature | a measure of how hot or cold something is; specifically, a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in an object |
| thermal energy | the total kinetic energy of a substance’s atoms |
| thermal expansion | an increase in the size of a substance in response to an increase in the temperature of the substance |
| heat | the energy transferred between objects that are at different temperatures |
| radiation | the transfer of energy as electromagnetic waves |
| convection | the movement of matter due to differences in density that are caused by temperature variations; can result in the transfer of energy as heat |
| conduction | the transfer of energy as heat through a material |
| wind | the movement of air caused by differences in air pressure |
| Coriolis effect | the curving of the path of a moving object from an otherwise straight path due to Earth’s rotation |
| jet stream | a narrow band of strong winds that blow in the upper troposphere |
| local wind | the movement of air over short distances; occurs in specific areas as a result of certain geographical features |
| ocean current | a movement of ocean water that follows a regular pattern |
| surface current | a horizontal movement of ocean water that is caused by wind and that occurs at or near the ocean’s surface |
| deep current | a stream like movement of ocean water far below the surface |
| conduction current | the electric current which exists in a conductor when the electrons flow in the conductor at a uniform rate |
| upwelling | Winds blowing across the ocean surface push water away. Water then rises up from beneath the surface to replace the water that was pushed away |
Created by:
Xavier Egger