an Algonquian, helped early english settlers survive the hard winter by teaching them the native methods of planting corn, squash, and pumpkins

also Algonquian, became famous as a liaison with John Smith’s Jamestown colony in 1607

a Shoshone, served a vital role in the Lewis and Clark expedition when the two explorers hired her as their guide in 1805

Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull-

led the Sioux and Cheyenne troops in the Battle of the Little Bighorn in 1876, soundly defeating George Armstrong Custer

a leader of the Nez Perce who supported peaceful interaction with white settlers, attempted to relocate his tribe to Canada rather than move them to a reservation

in the eastern part of the US lived in wigwams, the northern tribes subsisted on hunting and gathering, while those who were farther south grew crops such as corn

also an east coast tribe, spoke a different language from the Algonquians, and lived in the rectangular longhouses

lived between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains, these nomadic tribes lived in teepees and followed the buffalo herds, Plain tribes included the Sioux, Cheyenne, Comanche, and Blackfoot

ncluded the Zuni, Hopi, and Acoma, they lived in the Southwest deserts in homes made of stone or adobe, they domesticated animals and cultivated corn and beans

Tlingit/Chinook/Salish

on the Pacific coast, these tribes lived on fish as well as deer, native berries and roots, their rectangular homes housed large family groups, and they used totem poles

in the fat north, lived in skin tents or igloos, talented fishermen, they built kayaks and umiaks and also hunted caribou, seals, whales and walrus

The Age of Exploration

also known as the Age of Discovery, it is generally considered to have begun in the early 15th century and continued into the 17th century

Major Developments of the Age of Exploration

technological advances in navigation, mapmaking, and shipbuilding, these advances led to expanded European exploration of the rest of the world

set out from several European countries, including: Portugal, Spain, France, England, seeking new routes to Asia, these efforts led to the discovery of new lands as well as colonization in India, Asia, Africa and North America

enabled sailors to launch ambitious journeys over long distances

used by Chinese navigators from approximately 200 BCE

came to Europe from Arab navigators and traders who had refined designs developed by the ancient Greeks

developed by the Portuguese, a ship in the 1400s that incorporated navigational advancements with the ability to make long sea journeys

with caravel ships, the Portuguese achieved a major goal of the Age of Exploration by discovering this route from Europe to Asia in 1498

Christopher Columbus’ Voyage

in 1492, Columbus, a Genoan explorer, obtained financial backing from King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain to seek a sea route to Asia, he sought a trade route with the Asian Indies to the west, with three ships he eventually landed in the West Ind

Columbus’ Three Ships

The Nina, The Pinta, The Santa Maria

were focused on expanding the fur trade, later French colonization led to the growth of plantations in Louisiana which brought numerous African slaves to the New World

came to look for wealth, and to convert the natives to Christianity, for some the desires for gold led to mining in the New World, while others established large ranches

were also involved in the fur trade, and imported slaves as the need for laborers increased

arrived with various goals, some were simply looking for additional income, while others were fleeing Britain to escape religious persecution

New Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, these colonies were founded to largely escape religious persecution in England

who migrated to America in the 1600s, significantly influenced the development of these colonies in New England

Economy of New England

during the colonial period centered around fishing, shipbuilding and trade along with small farms and lumber mills, although some groups congregated in small farms, life centered mainly in towns and cities where merchants largely controlled the trade econ

Middle/Middle Atlantic Colonies

were New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware, the middle colonies founders were from various countries including the Netherlands and Sweden.

Factors that led these colonies to America

more fertile than New England, the Middle colonies became major producers of crops including rye, oats, potatoes, wheat and barley

farmers in general were able to produce enough to have a surplus to sell, tenant farmers also rented land from larger land owners

were Maryland, virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia

Virginia of the Southern Colonies

Virginia of the Southern Colonies Virginia was the first permanent English colony

Climate of Southern colonies

the warm climate and rich soil of the south encouraged agriculture, and the growing season was long

the economy in the south was based largely on labor intensive plantations, crops included tobacco, rice, and indigo, all of which became valuable cash crops, most land in the south was controlled by wealthy plantation owners and farmers

labor on the farms came in the form of indentured servants and African slaves, the first of these slaves arrived in Virginia in 1619

British defeat of the Spanish Armada-

in 1588 led to the decline of the Spanish power in Europe, this in turn led the British and French into battle several times between 1689 and 1748

British and French wars

King WIlliam’s War(or the Nine Year War) 1689-1697, this war was fought largely in Flander, The War of Spanish Succession(or Queen Anne’s War) 1702-1713, War of Austrian Succession(or King George’s War) 1740-1748, French and Indian War 1754-1763

French and Indian War

1754-1763, was fought largely in the North American territory, and resulted in the end of France’s reign as a colonial power in North America, although the French had many advantages, including more cooperative colonist and numerous Indian allies

the strong leadership of William Pitt eventually led to the British to victory in the war

The Spark of the American Revolution-

Cost incurred during the wars in America eventually led to discontent in the colonies and helped spark the Revolution

enacted in 1651, were an attempt by Britain to dominate international trade, aimed largely at the Dutch, the acts banned foreign ships from transporting goods to the British colonies and from transporting goods to Britain from elsewhere in Europe, while t

End of the French and Indian War

by the time the war had ended, one-third of British merchant ships were built in the American Colonies, many colonies amassed fortunes in the shipbuilding trade

Britain's Taxation of the American Colonies

after the French and Indian War, circumstances for which the British desperately needed more revenue, these included paying off war debt, defending the expanding empire, governing Britain’s 33 far-flung colonies, including the American colonies, to meet t

because they had spent so much money to defend the American Colonies, the British felt it was appropriate to collect considerable higher taxes from them, the colonist felt this was unfair and many were led to protest the increasing taxes, eventually prote

began in the Colonies with ships setting off for Africa, carrying rum, in Africa rum was traded for gold or slaves, ships then went from Africa to the West Indies, trading slaves for sugar, molasses or money, to complete the triangle, the ships returned t

The Molasses Act of 1733

which required the colonists to pay high duties to Britain on molasses acquired from French, Dutch, and Spanish colonies, the colonists ignored these duties and the British government adopted a policy of salutary neglect by not enforcing them

Effects of New Laws on British-Colonial Relations

revenue generating acts brought money to the colonists, the new laws after 1763 required colonists to pay money back to Britain, The British felt this was fair since the colonists were British subjects and since they had incurred debt protecting the Colon

the development of local government in America had given the colonists a different view of the structure and role of government, this made it difficult for the British to understand the colonists’ protests against what the British felt was a fair reasonab

Factors that led to increasing Discontent in the American colonies

more and more colonist were born on American soil, decreasing any sense of kinship with the faraway British rulers, their new environment had led to new ideas of government and a strong view of the colonies as a separate entity from Britain, Colonist were

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USA Review

Question	Answer
Squanto	an Algonquian, helped early english settlers survive the hard winter by teaching them the native methods of planting corn, squash, and pumpkins
Pocahontas	also Algonquian, became famous as a liaison with John Smith’s Jamestown colony in 1607
Sacagawea	a Shoshone, served a vital role in the Lewis and Clark expedition when the two explorers hired her as their guide in 1805
Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull-	led the Sioux and Cheyenne troops in the Battle of the Little Bighorn in 1876, soundly defeating George Armstrong Custer
Chief Joseph	a leader of the Nez Perce who supported peaceful interaction with white settlers, attempted to relocate his tribe to Canada rather than move them to a reservation
The Algonquians	in the eastern part of the US lived in wigwams, the northern tribes subsisted on hunting and gathering, while those who were farther south grew crops such as corn
The Iroquois	also an east coast tribe, spoke a different language from the Algonquians, and lived in the rectangular longhouses
The Plain Tribes	lived between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains, these nomadic tribes lived in teepees and followed the buffalo herds, Plain tribes included the Sioux, Cheyenne, Comanche, and Blackfoot
Pueblo Tribes	ncluded the Zuni, Hopi, and Acoma, they lived in the Southwest deserts in homes made of stone or adobe, they domesticated animals and cultivated corn and beans
Tlingit/Chinook/Salish	on the Pacific coast, these tribes lived on fish as well as deer, native berries and roots, their rectangular homes housed large family groups, and they used totem poles
Aleuts/Inuit	in the fat north, lived in skin tents or igloos, talented fishermen, they built kayaks and umiaks and also hunted caribou, seals, whales and walrus
The Age of Exploration	also known as the Age of Discovery, it is generally considered to have begun in the early 15th century and continued into the 17th century
Major Developments of the Age of Exploration	technological advances in navigation, mapmaking, and shipbuilding, these advances led to expanded European exploration of the rest of the world
Explorers	set out from several European countries, including: Portugal, Spain, France, England, seeking new routes to Asia, these efforts led to the discovery of new lands as well as colonization in India, Asia, Africa and North America
Navigational Tools	enabled sailors to launch ambitious journeys over long distances
The Magnetic Compass	used by Chinese navigators from approximately 200 BCE
Astrolabe	came to Europe from Arab navigators and traders who had refined designs developed by the ancient Greeks
Caravel	developed by the Portuguese, a ship in the 1400s that incorporated navigational advancements with the ability to make long sea journeys
Sea Route	with caravel ships, the Portuguese achieved a major goal of the Age of Exploration by discovering this route from Europe to Asia in 1498
Christopher Columbus’ Voyage	in 1492, Columbus, a Genoan explorer, obtained financial backing from King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain to seek a sea route to Asia, he sought a trade route with the Asian Indies to the west, with three ships he eventually landed in the West Ind
Columbus’ Three Ships	The Nina, The Pinta, The Santa Maria
French Colonies	were focused on expanding the fur trade, later French colonization led to the growth of plantations in Louisiana which brought numerous African slaves to the New World
Spanish Colonies	came to look for wealth, and to convert the natives to Christianity, for some the desires for gold led to mining in the New World, while others established large ranches
Dutch Colonies	were also involved in the fur trade, and imported slaves as the need for laborers increased
British Colonies	arrived with various goals, some were simply looking for additional income, while others were fleeing Britain to escape religious persecution
New England Colonies	New Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, these colonies were founded to largely escape religious persecution in England
Puritans	who migrated to America in the 1600s, significantly influenced the development of these colonies in New England
Economy of New England	during the colonial period centered around fishing, shipbuilding and trade along with small farms and lumber mills, although some groups congregated in small farms, life centered mainly in towns and cities where merchants largely controlled the trade econ
Middle/Middle Atlantic Colonies	were New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware, the middle colonies founders were from various countries including the Netherlands and Sweden.
Factors that led these colonies to America	more fertile than New England, the Middle colonies became major producers of crops including rye, oats, potatoes, wheat and barley
Farming	farmers in general were able to produce enough to have a surplus to sell, tenant farmers also rented land from larger land owners
Southern Colonies	were Maryland, virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia
Virginia of the Southern Colonies	Virginia of the Southern Colonies Virginia was the first permanent English colony
Georgia	The last Southern Colony
Climate of Southern colonies	the warm climate and rich soil of the south encouraged agriculture, and the growing season was long
Plantations	the economy in the south was based largely on labor intensive plantations, crops included tobacco, rice, and indigo, all of which became valuable cash crops, most land in the south was controlled by wealthy plantation owners and farmers
African Slaves	labor on the farms came in the form of indentured servants and African slaves, the first of these slaves arrived in Virginia in 1619
British defeat of the Spanish Armada-	in 1588 led to the decline of the Spanish power in Europe, this in turn led the British and French into battle several times between 1689 and 1748
British and French wars	King WIlliam’s War(or the Nine Year War) 1689-1697, this war was fought largely in Flander, The War of Spanish Succession(or Queen Anne’s War) 1702-1713, War of Austrian Succession(or King George’s War) 1740-1748, French and Indian War 1754-1763
French and Indian War	1754-1763, was fought largely in the North American territory, and resulted in the end of France’s reign as a colonial power in North America, although the French had many advantages, including more cooperative colonist and numerous Indian allies
William Pitt	the strong leadership of William Pitt eventually led to the British to victory in the war
The Spark of the American Revolution-	Cost incurred during the wars in America eventually led to discontent in the colonies and helped spark the Revolution
Navigation Acts	enacted in 1651, were an attempt by Britain to dominate international trade, aimed largely at the Dutch, the acts banned foreign ships from transporting goods to the British colonies and from transporting goods to Britain from elsewhere in Europe, while t
End of the French and Indian War	by the time the war had ended, one-third of British merchant ships were built in the American Colonies, many colonies amassed fortunes in the shipbuilding trade
Britain's Taxation of the American Colonies	after the French and Indian War, circumstances for which the British desperately needed more revenue, these included paying off war debt, defending the expanding empire, governing Britain’s 33 far-flung colonies, including the American colonies, to meet t
Taxes	because they had spent so much money to defend the American Colonies, the British felt it was appropriate to collect considerable higher taxes from them, the colonist felt this was unfair and many were led to protest the increasing taxes, eventually prote
Triangular trade	began in the Colonies with ships setting off for Africa, carrying rum, in Africa rum was traded for gold or slaves, ships then went from Africa to the West Indies, trading slaves for sugar, molasses or money, to complete the triangle, the ships returned t
The Molasses Act of 1733	which required the colonists to pay high duties to Britain on molasses acquired from French, Dutch, and Spanish colonies, the colonists ignored these duties and the British government adopted a policy of salutary neglect by not enforcing them
Effects of New Laws on British-Colonial Relations	revenue generating acts brought money to the colonists, the new laws after 1763 required colonists to pay money back to Britain, The British felt this was fair since the colonists were British subjects and since they had incurred debt protecting the Colon
Local Government	the development of local government in America had given the colonists a different view of the structure and role of government, this made it difficult for the British to understand the colonists’ protests against what the British felt was a fair reasonab
Factors that led to increasing Discontent in the American colonies	more and more colonist were born on American soil, decreasing any sense of kinship with the faraway British rulers, their new environment had led to new ideas of government and a strong view of the colonies as a separate entity from Britain, Colonist were
Independence	with local governing bodies, this gave the colonist a sense of independence which led them to resent control from Britain
Representative Government	As new towns and other legislative districts developed in America, the colonist started to practice this, colonial legislative bodies were made up of elected representatives chosen by male property ownership the districts, these individuals represented th
Parliament	in Britain, represented the entire country, Parliament was not elected to represent individual districts, instead they represented specific classes, because of this drastically different approach to government, the British did not understand the colonist
Sugar Act	1764, this act not only required taxes to be collected on molasses brought into the colonies but gave British officials the right to search the homes of anyone suspected of violating it
Stamp Ac	1764, this act taxed printed materials such as newspapers and legal documents, protests led the stamp act to be repealed in 1766, but the repeal also included the Declaratory Act
Declaratory Act	which stated that Parliament had the right to govern the colonies
Quartering Act	1765, this act required colonists to provide accommodations and supplies for British troops, in addition, colonists were prohibited from settling west of the Appalachians until given permission by Britain
Townshend Acts	1767, these acts taxed paper, paint, lead and tea that came into the colonies, colonists led boycotts in protest, and in Massachusetts leaders like Samuel and John Adams began to organize resistance against British rule
The Boston Massacre	on March 5, 1770, protesters began to taunt the British troops, throwing snowballs, the soldiers responded by firing into the crowd, this clash between protesters and soldiers led to five deaths and eight injuries
Tea Act	1773, this allowed the East India Company to sell tea for much lower prices and also allowed them to bypass American distributors, selling directly to shopkeepers instead, Colonial tea merchants saw this as a direct assault on their business
Sons of liberty	formed on December 1773, boarded ships in Boston Harbor(part of the Boston Tea Party)
Boston Tea Party	342 chests of tea were dumped into the Boston harbor into the sea in protest of the new laws
Coercive Acts	passed by Britain in 1774 were meant to punish Massachusetts for defying British authority, the four acts also known as the Intolerable Acts
Intolerable Acts	shut down ports in Boston until the city paid back the value of the tea destroyed during the Boston Tea Party, required that local government officials in Massachusetts be appointed by the governor rather than being elected by people, allowed trials of Br
First Continental Congress	these intolerable acts led to this assembly in Philadelphia on September 5 1774, 55 delegates met representing 12 of the American colonies, they sought compromise with England over England's increasingly harsh efforts to control the colonies, their goal w
George the third of England	declared that the American colonies must submit or face military actions
Assemblies	the British sought to end assemblies that opposed their policies, these assemblies gathered weapons and began to form militias
Battle of Lexington and Concord-	on April 19th, 1775 the British military was ordered to disperse a meeting of the Massachusetts Assembly, a battle ensued on Lexington Common as the armed colonists resisted, this was the first battles of the American Revolution
Second Continental Congress	met in Philadelphia on May 10, 1775 a month after Lexington and Concord, their discussions centered on defense of the American colonies and how to conduct the growing war as well as local government, the delegates also discussed declaring independence fro
George Washington	June 15th, America established an army, named Washington as its commander in chief
Declaration of Independence	July 4th, 1776, the colonial delegates of the Continental Congress drafted the Declaration of Independence, penned by Thomas Jefferson, stated that King George the third had violated the rights of the colonists and was establishing a tyrannical reign over
John Locke	philosopher, believed in “life, liberty and private property” both Locke and Jefferson felt that the purpose of government was to protect the rights of people and that individual rights were more important than individual obligations to the state
Battle of Bunker Hill	June 1775, was one of the bloodiest of the entire war, although American troops withdrew, about half of the British army was lost, the colonists proved they could stand against professional British soldiers, in August Britain declared that the American co
Crossing the Delaware River	The first colonial victory occurred in Trenton, New Jersey when Washington and his troops crossed the Delaware River on Christmas day, 1776 for a December 26 surprise attack on British and Hessian troops
Battle of Saratoga-	effectively ended a plan to separate the New England colonies from their Southern counterparts, the surrender of British general John Burgoyne led to France joining the war as allies of the Americans and is generally considered a turning point of the war
Battle of Yorktown	on October 19, 1781 General Cornwallis surrendered after a defeat in Yorktown, ending the Revolutionary War
Treaty of Paris	signed on September 3, 1783, bringing an official end to the Revolutionary War, in this document Britain officially recognized the United States of America as an independent nation, the treaty established the Mississippi River as the country’s western bor
Articles of Confederation	a precursor to the Constitution, represented the first attempt of the newly independent colonies to establish the basics of government, the Continental Congress approved the Articles on November 15, 1777, they went into effect on March 1, 1781, following
Why the Articles of Confederation failed	without a strong central executive, though this weak alliance among the new states proved ineffective in settling disputes or enforcing laws
Constitution	delegates from 12 of the 13 states (Rhode Island) was not represented) met in Philadelphia in May of 1787, initially intending to revise the Articles of Confederation, it became apparent that a simple revision would not provide the workable governmental s
General Structure of Government proposed by the Delegates	the new nation required a strong central government, power should be limited, the branches of government should have a balance of power, final power belonged to the citizens who voted officials into office based on who would provide the best representati
Virginia Plan	Representation in Congress should be based on state population, James Madison and Edmund Randolph(governor of Virginia) felt this way
The New Jersey Plan	presented by William Paterson, from New Jersey, proposed each state have equal representation
The Great Compromise	(aka The Connecticut Compromise) Roger Sherman from Connecticut formulated this plan, the result was a familiar structure we have today, each state has the equal representation of two Senators in the Senate, with the number of representatives in the House
Bicameral Congress	both houses may draft bills, but financial matters must originate in the House of Representatives
Three-Fifths Compromise	count three-fifths of the slave population for both tax purposes and to determine representation
Commerce Compromise	resulted from a North/South disagreement, the North the economy was centered on industry and trade, the Southern economy was largely agricultural, The Northern states wanted to give the new government the ability to regulate exports as well as trade betwe
Objections against the Constitution	the lack of a bill of rights to protect individual freedoms, states felt too much power was being handed over to the central government, voters wanted more control over their elected representatives
Federalist	supported the Constitution and wanted a strong central government
Anti-Federalist-	were against the constitution and wanted to prevent tyrannical government from developing if a central government held too much power
Federalist Members	Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, James Madison
Anti-Federalist Members	Thomas Jefferson and Patrick Henry
Federalist Papers	a series of letters aimed at convincing the states to ratify the Constitution, written by Federalist members
Anti-Federalist Papers	argued against the Constitution, written by Anti-Federalist members
Bill of Rights	The first 10 Amendments, these Amendments protected rights such as freedom of speech, freedom of religion, and other basic rights
Geroge Washington	elected as the first President of the United States in 1789
John Adams	finished second in the election and became the first Vice President
Thomas Jefferson	appointed by Washington as Secretary of State
Alexander Hamilton	appointed Secretary of Treasury
War with Britain and France	When John Adams became president, a war was raging between Britain and France, while Adams and the Federalist backed the British, Thomas Jefferson and the Republican Party supported the French, the United States nearly went to war with France during this
The Alien and Sedition Acts	grew out of this conflict, and made it illegal to speak in a hostile fashion against the existing government, they also allowed the president to deport anyone in the US who was not a citizen and who was suspected of treason or treasonous activity, when Je
Political Parties-	differences between Jefferson and Hamilton led to the development of these parties
Hamilton Party (Federalists)	favored a strong central government, believed in a more flexible approach
Jefferson Party(Democratic-Republican)	felt that more power should remain with the states, in favor of strict Constitutional interpretation
Hamilton and Burr-	Alexander Hamilton died in a duel with Aaron Burr in 1804, with Hamilton dead by 1816 the Federalist Party had virtually disappeared
The Whigs	political party that supported John Quincy Adams and industrial growth
The New Democratic Party	a political party that formed in opposition to the Whigs(the old Democratic-Republican Party had a split) and their candidate was Andrew Jackson was elected as president in 1828
Republican Party	by the 1850s, issues regarding slavery led to the formation of this party, which was anti-slavery, while the Democratic Party with a larger interests in the South favored slavery
Marbury v. Madison	established Judicial review, John Adams was voted out of office in 1800, he worked during his final days in office to appoint a Federalist judges to Supreme Court positions, knowing Jefferson his replacement held opposing views, on March 3, the day befor
Midnight Judges	the nickname given for Adams late night appointments with judges
Judiciary Act of 1789	which granted the power to deliver commissions was illegal in that it gave the Judicial Branch powers not granted in the Constitution
Judicial Review	is the power of courts to review the actions of government branches and determine if they comply with the Constitution
McCulloch v. Maryland-	Judicial review was further exercised by this Supreme Court case, when congress chartered a national bank, the Second Bank if the United States, Maryland voted to tax any bank business dealing with banks chartered outside the state, including the federall
John Marshall	Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
Claiming Native American Lands	large parcels of land to the US that were occupied by Native Americans, the new government attempted to claim land, treating the natives as a conquered people
Treaties-	the government tried purchasing the land from the Indians via this method, as the country expanded westward, in practice however, these treaties were not honored and Native Americans were simply dislocated and forced to move farther and farther west, ofte
The Indian Removal Act of 1830	gave the New American government power to form treaties with Native Americans, in theory, America would claim land east of the Mississippi in exchange for land west of the Mississippi, to which the natives would relocate voluntarily, in practice many trib
The Treaty of New Echota	1835, was supposedly a treaty between the US government and Cherokee tribes in Georgia, however the treaty was not signed by tribal leaders, but rather by a small portion of the represented people
Trail of Tears	leaders protested the the Treaty of New Echota and refused to leave, but President Martin Van Buren enforced the treaty by sending soldiers, during their forced relocation, more then 4,000 Cherokee Indians died
Northeast Economy	mostly depended on manufacturing, industry, and industrial development, thai led to a dichotomy between rich business owners and industrial leaders and the much poorer workers who supported their businesses
Southern Economy-	continued to depend on agriculture, especially on large-scale farms or plantations worked mostly by slaves and indentured servants
The West-	where new settlements had begun to develop, the land was largely wild, growing communities were essentially agricultural, raising crops and livestock
Louisiana Territory	Napoleon was in need of money to support his continuing war efforts against the British, to secure the necessary funds, he decided to sell the Louisiana Territory to the US president Thomas Jefferson wanted to buy New Orleans, feeling US trade was made vu
Federalist against the Louisiana Purchase	federalist in congress were opposed to the purchase, they feared that the purchase would extend slavery and that further western growth would weaken the power of the Northern states
American Foreign Policy	Isolationism, Not entangling alliances, Nationalism
Isolationism	the early US government did not intend to establish colonies, though they did plan to grow larger within the bounds of North America
Not entering alliances	both George Washington and Thomas Jefferson were opposed to forming any permanent alliances with other countries or becoming involved in other countries’ internal issues
Nationalism	a positive patriotic feeling about the United States blossomed quickly among its citizens, particularly after the War of 1812, when the US once again defeated Britain, the Industrial revolution also sparked increased nationalism by allowing even the most
Causes of the War of 1812	grew out of the continuing tension between France and Great Britain, Napoleon continued striving to conquer Britain, while the US continued trade with both countries, but favored France and the French colonies, because of what Britain saw as an alliance b
Regulate international trade	one of the results of the War of 1812, started by president James Madison, if either Britain or France removed their restrictions, America would not trade with the other country, Napoleon acted first and Madison prohibited trade with England, which Englan
The War of 1812	has been called the Second American Revolution, it established the superiority of the US naval forces and re established US independence from Britain and Europe
Results of the War of 1812	Britain put into affect the Orders in Council because they had objections to America’s continued trade with France, they saw it as the US helping France’s war effort by providing supplies and goods and the US has grown into a competitor taking trade and m
Orders in Council	which made any and all French-owned ports off limits to American ships, the British also began to seize American ships and conscript their crews
Lake Erie/Lake Champlain	two major naval battles during the War of 1812, kept the British from invading the US via Canada, America attempts to conquer Canadian lands were not successful
Britain Attacks the White House	the British invaded Washington DC and burned the White House on August 24, 1814, legend has it that Dolley Madison, the first lady salvaged the portrait of George Washington from the fire
Treaty of Ghent	on Christmas eve, 1814 officially ended the war, however Andrew Jackson was unaware that the war was over, managed another victory at New Orleans on January 8, 1815
Era of Good Feelings	This victory Jackson achieved in New Orleans during the War of 1812, improved American morale and led to a new wave of national pride and support
Monroe Doctrine	introduced by President Monroe on December 2, 1823, delivered a message to Congress, in this address he stated that any attempts by European powers to establish new colonies on the North American continent would be considered interference in American poli
Lewis and Clark Expedition	President Thomas Jefferson wanted to have the area of the Louisiana Territory mapped and explored, since much of the territory was wilderness, he chose Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to head an expedition into the Louisiana Territory, after two years,
Manifest Destiny	in the 1800s, many believed that America was destined by God to expand the west, bringing as much of the North American continent as possible under the umbrella of US government
Conflict in the West	rapid and relentless expansion brought conflict with the Native Americans, Great Britain, Mexico and Spain
Before the Mexican-American War	Spain had held a colonial interests in America since the 1540s- earlier even Britain, in 1810, Mexico revolted against Spain and became a free nation in 1821, Texas did the same thing in 1836, in 1844, the Democrats pressed President Tyler to annex Texas,
Mexican-American War	from 1846 to 1848, During Mexico’s war for independence, the nation incurred $4.5 million in war debts to the US, Polk offered to forgive the debt in return for New Mexico and Upper California, but Mexico refused,in 1846 war was declared in response to a
Wilmot Proviso	which stated that slavery was prohibited in any territory the US acquired from Mexico as a result of the Mexican-American War
Oregon Territory	shared by the US and Britain, in 1846, President James Polk resolved this problem of conflicts by compromising with Britain, establishing a US boundary south of the 49th parallel
Mexican-American War Second Treaty	after the Mexican-American War, a second treaty in 1853 determined hundreds of miles of America’s southwest borders
Gadsden Purchase	in 1854 it was finalized, providing even more territory to aid in the building of the transcontinental railroad, the purchase added to what is now known as Arizona and New Mexico
American System	supported by Henry Clay to set up tariffs to help protect American interests from competition with overseas products, reducing competition led to growth in employment and an overall increase in American industry
The Second Bank of the United States	Congress passed high tariffs in 1816 and also chartered a federal bank, this bank was given the job of regulating America’s money supply
Jacksonian Democracy	is largely seen as a shift from politics favoring the wealthy to politics favoring the common man, all free white males were given the right to vote not just property owners,as had been the case previously, this approach favored the patronage system, lais
Nullification Crisis	when South Carolina claimed that it could ignore or nullify any federal law it considered unconstitutional
Cotton	many southern plantations depended on it, with slave population growing in a concert with the rapid increase in cotton production
Abolitionist movement	grew steadily, wanted to end slavery in the US
Harriet Beecher Stowe	Wrote “Uncle Tom’s Cabin” giving many people an idea to rally around for abolitionist
American Colonization Society	protestant churches formed this group, aimed at returning black slaves to Africa, former slaves subsequently formed Liberia but the colony did not do well, as the region was not well suited for agriculture
American Anti-Slavery Society	William Lloyd Garrison, a Quaker was the major force behind this group and its newspaper, “The Liberator”
Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society	a woman only group formed by Margaretta Forte because women were not allowed to join the Anti-Slavery Society formed by her father
Anti-Slavery Convention of American Women	this group continued meeting even after pro-slavery factions burned down their original meeting place
Female Vigilant Society	an organization that raised funds to help the Underground Railroad, as well as slaves refugees
Horace Mann	among others felt that schools could help children become better citizens, keep them away from crime, prevent poverty, and help America society become more unified
Common School Journal	written by Horace Mann, brought his ideas of the importance of education into the public consciousness and proposed his suggestions for an improved American education system
Free public elementary education	increased literacy led to increased awareness of current events, Western expansion, public interest and participation in the arts and literature also increased, by the end of the 19th century, all children had access to a free public elementary education
Transcontinental Railroad	traversed the nation, eventually allowing travel from one coast to the other
Canals/Steamboats	simplified water travel and made shipping easier and less expensive
The Erie Canal	1825, connected the Great Lakes with the Hudson River
Wagon Trails	with growing numbers of settlers moving into the West, wagon trails developed including the Oregon trail,California Trial, and the Santa Fe Trail
Prairie Schooners	the most common vehicles seen along these westbound trails, they were covered wagons
Factories	a large volume of salable goods could be produced in a much shorter amount of time
Immigrants	increasing number of immigrants found jobs in these factories, which were in constant need of labor
Cotton gin	a machine that significantly decreased the processing time of cotton and was a major factor in the rapid expansion of cotton production in the South
First Labor Strike	in 1751, a group of bakers help a protest in which they stopped baking bread
Labor Movements-	in the 1830s and 1840s, labor movements began in earnest Boston’s mansons, carpenters and stoneworkers protested the length of the workday, fighting to reduce it to a ten hour work day
Lowell Female Labor Reform Association	in 1844, a group of women in the textile industry also fought to reduce their workday to ten hours
Second Great Awakening	led by Protestant evangelical leaders, occurred between 1800 and 1830, several missionary groups grew out of the movement, including the American Home Society, the ideas behind the Second Great Awakening focused on personal responsibility, both as an indi
American Bible Society/American Tract Society/American Home Missionary Society	groups that formed and provided literature during the second great awakening
Latter-day Saints/Seventh-day Adventists	new denominations that arose during the second great awakening
The Temperance Movement	a movement associated with the second great awakening, focused on ending the production and use of alcohol
Society for the Promotion of Temperance	one major organization behind the temperance movement, formed in 1862 in Boston
The Women’s rights movement	began in the 1840s, with leaders including Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Sojourner Truth, Ernestine Rose, and Lucretia Mott
National Woman Suffrage Association	Formed by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony, fighting for women’s right to vote
Seneca Falls Convention	the first woman's rights convention was held, with about three hundred attendee, the two day convention discussed the rights of women to vote(suffrage) as well as equal treatment in careers, legal proceedings, the convention produced a “Declaration of Sen
Declaration of Sentiments	which outlined a plan for women to attain the rights they deserved
Frederick Douglass	supported the women’s rights movement, as well as the abolition movement
The Missouri Compromise	by 1819, the United States had developed a tenuous balance between slave and free states, with exactly 22 senators in congress from each faction, however Missouri was ready to join the union, as a slave state it would tip the balance in congress, to preve
Great Compromise	proposed by Henry Clay, according to this new compromise, Missouri would never pass a law that prevented anyone from entering the state
Popular sovereignty	a group that felt each individual state should decide whether to allow or permit slavery within its borders, the idea that a state could make its own choices
Compromise of 1850	introduced a group of laws meant to bring an end to the conflict, California’s admittance as a free state, the outlaw of the slave trade in Washington DC, an increase in efforts to capture escaped slaves, the right of New Mexico and Utah territories to de
Kansas-Nebraska Act	with the creation of Kansas and Nebraska territories in 1854, another debate began, congress allowed popular sovereignty in these territories, but slavery opponents argued argued that the Missouri Compromise had already made slavery illegal in this region
Bleeding Kansas	in Kansas, two separate governments arose, one pro-slavery and one anti-slavery, conflict between the two factions rose to violence
Dred Scott Decision	Abolitionist factions coalesced around the case of Dred Scott, using his case to test the country’s laws regarding slavery, Scott a slave had been taken by his owners from Missouri, which was a slave state, he then traveled to Illinois a free state then o
John Brown	an abolitionist, had participated in several anti-slavery activities, including killing five pro-slavery men in retaliation, after the sacking of Lawrence, Kansas and anti-slavery town, he and other abolitionists also banded together to pool their funds
Harper’s Ferry-	in 1859, John Brown seized a federal arsenal in Harpers Ferry located in what is now West Virginia, Brown intended to seize guns and ammunition and lead a slave rebellion
Robert E. Lee	captured Brown and 21 followers, who were subsequently tried and hanged, while Northerners took the executions as an indication that the government supported slavery, Southerners were of the opinion that most of the North Supported Brown and were in gener
Presidential Candidates for the 1860 Election	he candidates represented four different parties, each with a different opinion on slavery, John Breckinridge, Abraham Lincoln, Stephen Douglas, John Bell
John Breckinridge	representing the Southern Democrats, was pro-slavery but urged compromise to preserve the union
Abraham Lincoln	of the Republican Party, was anti-slavery
Stephen Douglas	of the Northern Democrats, felt that the issue should be determined locally, on a state-by-state basis
John Bell	of the Constitutional Union Party, focused primarily on keeping the Union intact
1860 Election results	in the end Abraham Lincoln won both the popular and electoral election, Southern states sworn to secede from the Union if Lincoln was elected did so, led by South Carolina
Fort Sumter	the Civil War began when Confederate shots were fired on Fort Sumter in Charleston
North Advantages	Larger population: the North consisted of 24 states while the South had 11, Better transportation: with railroads primarily in the North, supply chains were much more dependable, as was overseas trade, Raw materials: the North held the majority of America
South’s Advantages	Better trained military officers: many of the Southern officers were West Point trained and had commanded in the Mexican and Indian Wars, Familiarity with Weapons: the climate and lifestyle of the South meant most of the people were experienced with both
The Emancipation Proclamation	issued by President Lincoln on January 1, 1863, freed all slaves in Confederate states that were still in rebellion against the Union, while the original proclamation did not free any slaves in the states actually under Union control, it did set a precede
The Union Army	almost 200,000 blacks fought in the Union Army and over 10,000 served in the navy
13 Amendment-	1865, slavery was abolished
The FIrst Battle of Bull Run	(July 21, 1861) this was the first major land battle of the war, observers expecting to enjoy an entertaining skirmish, set up picnics nearby, instead they found themselves witness to a bloodbath, Union forces were defeated and the battle set the course o
The Capture of Fort Henry	by Ulysses S. Grant, this battle in February of 1862 marked the Union’s first major victory
The Battle of Gettysburg	(July-1-3, 1863) often seen as the turning point of the war, Gettysburg also saw the largest number of casualties of the war, with over 50,000 dead, wounded or missing, Robert E. Lee was defeated, and the Confederate army significantly crippled withdrew
The Overland Campaign	(May and June of 1864) Grant now in command of all the Union armies, led this high casualty campaign that eventually positioned the Union for Victory
Sherman’s March to the Sea	William Tecumesh Sherman, in May of 1864, conquered Atlanta, he then continued to Savannah, destroying vast amounts of property as he went
Appomattox Courthouse	Following Lee’s defeat at the courthouse, General Grant accepted Lee’s surrender in the home of Wilmer McLean in Appomattox, Virginia on April 9, 1865
John Wilkes Booth	performed his part in a conspiracy to aid the Confederacy by shooting Lincoln in the back of the head, Booth was tracked down and killed by Union soldiers 12 days later, Lincoln was carried from the theater to a nearby house, died the next morning
Reconstruction Period	in the aftermath of the Civil War, the South was left in chaos, from 1865 to 1877, government on all levels worked to help restore order to the South, ensure civil rights to the freed slaves, and bring the Confederate states back into the Union
Reconstruction Act-	1866, congress passed this act, placing former Confederate states under military rule and stating the grounds for readmission into the Union
The Freedmen’s Bureau	was formed to help freedmen both with basic necessities like food and clothing and also with employment and finding of family members who had been separated during the war, many people from the South felt that the Bureau worked to set freed slaves against
Radical Republicans	wished to treat the South quite harshly after the war
Thaddeus Stevens	the House leader, suggested that the Confederate states be treated as if they were territories again, with ten years of military rule and territorial government before they would be readmitted, he also wanted to give all black men the right to vote, forme
Moderate Republicans	wanted only black men who were literate or who had served as Union troops to be able to vote, all Confederate soldiers except troop leaders would also be able to vote, before his death Lincoln had favored a more moderate approach to Reconstruction, hopin
The Black Codes	were proposed to control freed slaves, they would not be allowed to bear arms, assemble, serve on juries or testify against whites, schools would be segregated and unemployed blacks could be arrested and forced to work
The Civil Rights Act	countered these codes, providing much wider rights for the freed slaves
Andrew Johnson	who became president after Lincoln’s death, supported the Black Codes and vetoed the Civil Rights Act in 1865, and again in 1866, the second time, Congress overrode his veto and it became law
Impeachment of Johnson	the culmination of tensions between Congress and the president, he was tried and came within a single vote of being convicted but ultimately was acquitted and finished his term in office
14th Amendment	overturned the Dread Scott decision, and was ratified July 9, 1868, American citizenship was redefined: a citizen was any person born or naturalized in the US with all citizens guaranteed equal legal protection by all states, it also guaranteed citizens
15th Amendment-	was ratified February 3, 1870, it states that no citizen of the United States can be denied the right to vote based on race, color, or previous status as a slave
Presidential Reconstruction	largely driven by President Andrew Johnson’s policies, the Presidential phase of Reconstruction was lenient on the South and allowed continued discrimination against and control over blacks
Congressional Reconstruction	Congress, controlled largely by Radical Republicans, took a different stance, providing a wider range of civil rights for blacks and greater control over Southern government, Congressional Reconstruction is marked by military control of the former Confede
Redemption	gradually the Confederate states were readmitted into the union, during this time white Democrats took over the government of most of the South, in 1877 President Rutherford Hayes withdrew the last federal troops from the South
Scalawags	were southern Whites who aligned with Freedmen to take over local governments, many in the south who could have filled political offices refused to take the necessary oath required to grant them the right to vote, leaving many opportunities for Scalawags
Carpetbaggers	were northerners who traveled to the South for various reasons, some provided assistance while others sought to make money or to acquire political power during this chaotic period
Union Pacific Railroad	1869, railroad company, completed the first section of the planned Transcontinental railroad, this section went from Omaha, Nebraska to Sacramento, California
Railroad immigrants	90% of the workers were Chinese, working in very dangerous conditions for very low pay
Positives of the Railroad	products were much more easily transported across the country
Negatives of the Railroad	family farmers who found themselves paying high shipping costs for smaller supply orders while larger companies received major discounts
Naturalization Act	in 1870, put limits on the US citizenship, allowing full citizenships only to whites and those of African descent
Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882	put limits on Chinese immigration
The Immigration Act of 1882	taxed immigrants,charging fifty cents per person, these funds helped pay administrative costs for regulating immigration
Ellis Island	opened in 1892 as a processing center for those arriving in New York
Emergency Quota Act/Johnson Quota Act	passed in 1921, which severely limited the number of immigrants allowed into the country
Technological Advances in Agricultural Changes-	during the mid 1800s, irrigation techniques improved significantly, advances occurred in cultivation and breeding as well as fertilizer use and crop rotation
Great Plains	also known as the Great American Desert, the dense soil was finally cultivated with steel plows
Gasoline-Power Tractors	1892, were widely used by the 1900
Agricultural Tool Set	barbed wire fences, combines, silos, deep-water wells, and the cream separator
Department of Agriculture	came into being in 1862, working for the interests of farmers and ranchers across the country
Morrill Land-Grant Acts	were a series of acts passed between 1862 and 1890, allowing land-grant colleges
Hatch Act of 1887	brought agriculture experiment stations into picture, helping discover new farming techniques
Smith-Lever Act	n 1914, provided cooperative programs to help educate people about food, home economics, community development and agriculture, related agriculture extension programs helped farmers increase crop production to feed the rapidly growing nation
Alexander Graham Bell	invented the telephone
Orville and Wilbur Wright	invented the airplane
Richard Gatling	invented the machine gun
Walter Hunt/Elias Howe/Isaac Singer	invented the sewing machine
Nikola Tesla	invented alternating current
George Eastman	invented the kodak camera
Thomas Edison	invented the light bulb, motion pictures, the phonograph
Samuel Morse	invented the telegraph
Charles Goodyear	invented vulcanized rubber
Cyrus McCormick	invented the reaper
George Westinghouse	invented the transformer and the air brake
The Gilded Age	known as the Second Industrial Revolution, the time period from the end of the Civil War to the Beginning of the First World War, the US was changing from an agricultural-based economy to an industrial economy, with rapid growth accompanying the shift, th
Recession	a major recession struck the United States during the 1890s, with crop prices falling dramatically, a drought compounded the problems, leaving many Americans farmers in crippling debt
Farmers Alliance	formed in 1875, drawing the rural poor into a single political party
The Knights of Labor	formed in 1869, by Uriah Stephens, was able to unite workers into a union to protect their rights
Populist Party	dissatisfied by views espoused by industrialists, these two groups, the Farmers Alliance and the Knights of Labor joined to form this party, also known as the People’s Party, was in favor of decreasing elitism and making the voice of the common man more e
Elements of the Populist Party	National currency, graduated income taxes, government ownership of railroads as well as telegraph and telephone systems, secret ballots for voting, immigration restriction, single-term limits for President and Vice President
Homestead Strike	one of the first large, well organized strikes occurred in 1892, it occurred when the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers struck against the Carnegie Steel Company, gunfire ensued and Carnegie was able to eliminate the plant’s union
Pullman Strike	in 1894, workers in the American Railway Union, led by Eugene Debs,after the Pullman Palace Car Co. cut their wages by 28 percent, President Grover Cleveland called in troops to break up the strike on grounds that it interfered with mail delivery
Children’s Crusade	started by Mary Harris “Mother” Jones, to protest child labor, a protest march proceeded to the home of President Theodore Roosevelt in 1903, Jones also worked with the United Mine Workers of America and helped found the Industrial Workers of the World
Panic of 1893	was an economic crisis that affected most of the globe, as a response President Grover CLeveland repealed the SHerman SIlver Purchase Act, afraid it had caused the downturn rather than boosting the economy as intended, the Panic led to bankruptcies, with
Progressive Era	from the 1890s to the end of the First World War, Progressives set forth an ideology that drove many levels of society and politics, the Progressives were in favor of workers’ rights and safety, and wanted measures taken against waste and corruption, they
Muckrakers	was a term used to identify aggressive investigative journalists who exposed scandals, corruption, and many wrongs in late 19th century society, through the work of these journalists, many new policies came into being, including workmen’s compensation, c
Ida Tarbell	muckraker, she exposed John D. Rockefeller’s Standard Oil Trust
Jacob Riis	muckraker, a photographer, he brought the living conditions of the poor in New York to the public’s attention
Lincoln Steffens	muckraker, he worked to expose political corruption in municipal government
Upton Sinclair	muckraker, his book “The Jungle” led to reforms in the meat-packing industry
16th Amendment	1913, established a federal income tax
17th Amendment-	1913, allowed popular election of senators
18th Amendment	1919, prohibited the sale, production and transportation of alcohol, this amendment was later repealed by the 21st Amendment
19th Amendment	1920, gave women the right to vote
Progressive Era Amendments	16th-19th, these amendments largely grew out of the Progressive Era, as many citizens worked to improve American Society
Trusts	huge corporations working to monopolize areas of commerce so they could control prices and distribution
Sherman Antitrust Act/Clayton Antitrust Act	set out guidelines for competition among corporations and set out to eliminate these trusts
The Federal Trade Commission	was formed in 1914 in order to enforce antitrust measures and ensure that companies were operated fairly and did not create controlling monopolies
Battle of Little Bighorn	America’s westward expansion led to conflict and violent confrontations with Native Americans
Reservations	1876, the American government ordered all Indians to relocate to reservations
Dawes Act	1887, which ordered assimilation rather than separation: Native Americans were offered American citizenship and a piece of their tribal land if they would accept the lot chosen by the government and live on it separately from the tribe, this act remained
Indian Boarding Schools	reformers also forced Indian children to attend these types of schools, where they were not allowed to speak their native language and were immersed into Euro-American culture and religion, children were often abused in these schools and were indoctrinate
Wounded Knee	in 1890, the massacre at Wounded knee, accompanied by Geronimo’s surrender, led Native Americans to work to preserve their culture rather than fight for their lands
Indians and the Spanish American War	1898, saw a number of Native Americans serving with Teddy Roosevelt in the Rough Riders
Pancho Villa	Apache scouts accompanied General John J. Pershing to Mexico, hoping to find the Villa
Indians and WW1	more than 17,000 Native Americans were drafted into service, though at the time they were not considered legal citizens
Indian Citizenship Act-	in 1924, Indians were finally granted official citizenship
Indians today	after decades of relocation, forced assimilation, and genocide, the number of Native Americans in the US has greatly declined, though many Native Americans have chosen or have been forced to assimilate, about 300 reservations exits today, with most of th
Cuba	Spain had controlled since the 15th century, over the centuries the Spanish had quashed a variety of revolts, in 1886 slavery ended in Cuba and another revolt was rising, the US had expressed interest in Cuba, offering Spain 130 million dollars for the is
Cuba Revolt	1898, in spite of various factions supporting the Cubans, the US President William McKinley, refused to recognize the rebellion preferring negotiation over involvement in war
The Maine	a US battleship in HavanaHarbor, was blown up killing 266 crew members, the US declared war two months later, and the war ended with a Spanish Surrender in less than 4 months
Panama Canal-	worked began in 1881, though the idea had been discussed since the 1500s, the canal greatly reduces the length and time needed to sail from one ocean to the other by connecting the Atlantic to the Pacific through the Isthmus of Panama, which joins South
Suez Canal	The French began work on this, connected the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea, however due to disease and high expense the work moved slowly and after 8 years the company went bankrupt, suspending work, the US purchased the holdings and the first ship sai
Panama & Colombia	Panama battle for independence from Colombia, in order to maintain control of the Canal Zone, the US assisted Panama
Big Stick Policy	Theodore Roosevelt’s famous quote “Speak softly and carry a big stick” is supposedly of African origins, at least according to Roosevelt, he used the proverb to justify expanded involvement in foreign affairs during his tenure as President, the US militar
US involvement under Roosevelt	Cuba, Nicaragua, Haiti, and the Dominican Republic over several decades leading into the First and Second World Wars
Dollar Diplomacy	President Taft instituted this, an approach was America's efforts to influence Latin America and East Asia through economic rather than military means, Taft saw past efforts in these areas to be political and warlike, while his efforts focused on peaceful
Nicaragua-	Latin American revolt, the US sent Troops to settle the revolutions, afterwards bankers moved in to help support the new leaders through loans
Moral Diplomacy	President Wilson started this, an approach that still influences American foreign policy today, Wilson felt that representative government and democracy in all countries would lead to worldwide stability, Democratic governments he felt would be less likel
Main Elements of Wilson’s Policies	maintaining a strong military, promoting democracy throughout the world, expanding international trade to boost the American economy
World War 1	occurred from 1914-1918, and was fought largely in Europe, triggered by the assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the war rapidly escalated at the beginning of the conflict Woodrow Wilson declared the US neutral
Sinking of the Lusitania	the British passenger liner RMS Lusitania was sunk by German U-Boat in 1915 among the 1,000 civilian victims were over 100 American citizens, outraged by this act, many Americans began to push for US involvement in the war, using the Lusitania as a rallyi
German U-boat Aggression	Wilson continued to keep the US out of the wat, using as his 1916 reelection slogan, “He kept us out of war” while he continued to work toward an end of the war, German U-boats began to indiscriminately attack American and Canadian merchant ships carrying
Zimmerman Telegram	the final event that brought the US into World War 1 was the interception of the Zimmerman Telegram (also known as the Zimmerman Note) in this telegram, Germany proposed forming an alliance with Mexico if the US entered the war
Railroads and WW1	American railroads came under government control in December 1917, the widespread system was consolidated into a single system,with each region assigned a director, this greatly increased the efficiency of the railroad system, allowing the railroads to su
Communication and WW1	in 1918, telegraph, telephone and cable services also came under Federal control, to be returned to private management the next year
American Red Cross	supported the war effort by knitting clothes for Army and Navy Troops, they also helped supply hospital and refugee clothing and surgical dressings, over eight million people participated in this effort
Liberty Bonds	to help generate wartime funds the US government sold theses in four issues they sold nearly $25 billion, more than one fifth of Americans purchased them
Victory Liberty Bonds	after the war a fifth bond drive was held
14 Points	made by President Woodrow Wilson as a basis for a peace settlement to end the war, the President to the US Congress in January 1918, it included five points outlining general ideals, eight points to resolve immediate problems of political and territorial
Armistice	in November of the same year of the 14 points, Germany had agreed to an armistice, assuming the final treaty would be based on the 14 points, however during the peace conference in Paris 1919, there was much disagreement, leading to a final agreement that
Henry Cabot Lodge	who had become the Foreign Relations Committee chairman in 1918, wanted an unconditional surrender from Germany and was concerned about the article in the Treaty of Versailles, that gave the League of Nations power to declare war without a vote from the U
League of Nations	was included in the Treaty of Versailles at Wilson’s insistence, the Senate rejected the Treaty of Versailles and in the end Wilson refused to concede to Lodges’s demands as a result, the US did not join the League of Nations
The Roaring 20’s	was driven largely by growth in the automobile and entertainment industries
Charles Lindbergh	the first aviator to make a solo flight across the Atlantic Ocean, added to the American admiration of individual accomplishments
1920 Changes	telephone lines, distribution or electricity, highways, the radio and other inventions brought great changes to everyday life
The Harlem Renaissance	saw a number of African American artists settling in Harlem in New York, this community produced a number of well known artists and writers, including Langston Hughes, Nella Larsen, Zora Neale Hurston, Claude McKay, Countee Cullen and Jean Toomer,
Jazz Age	the growth of jazz, also largely driven by African Americans, its unconventional, improvisational style matched the growing sense of optimism and exploration of the decade, originating as an offshoot of the blues, jazz began in New Orleans
Significant Jazz Musicians	Duke Ellington, Louis Armstrong, Jelly Roll Morton
Big Band/Swing Jazz	also developed in the 1920’s, well known musicians of this movement included Bing Crosby, Frank Sinatra, Count Basie, Benny Goodman, Billie Holiday, Ella Fitzgerald, and the Dorsey Brothers
The National Origins Act/Johnson-Reed Act-	placed limitations on immigrations, the number of immigrants allowed into the US was based on the population of each nationality of immigrants who were living in the country in 1890, only two percent of each nationality’s 1890 population numbers were allo
WW1 and Jobs	the war created many jobs, but after the war ended these jobs disappeared, leaving many unemployed, in the wake of these employment changes the International Workers of the World and the Socialist Party came to be
International Workers of the World/Socialist Party	headed by Eugene Debs, because more and more visible, workers initiated strikes in an attempt to regain the favorable working conditions that had been put into place before the war
Red Scare	the fear of communist beliefs in America, Americans fearing a similar revolution happening in the country like the one in Russia, with many individuals jailed for supposedly holding communist, anarchist or socialist beliefs
Universal Negro Improvement Associaton/African Communities League(UNIA-ACL)	which became a large and active organization focused on building black nationalism, founded by Marcus Garvey
National Association for the Advancement of colored People(NAACP)	1909, came into being, working to defeat Jim Crow laws, also helped prevent racial segregation from becoming federal law, fought against lynchings, helped black soldiers in WW1 become officers and helped defend the Scottsboro boys
Scottsboro Boys	who were unjustly accused of rape
Ku Klux Klan(KKK)	in 1866, Confederate Army veterans came together to fight against Reconstruction in the South, forming this group, white supremacist beliefs including anti-semitism, nativism, ant-catholicism, and overt racism, this organization relied heavily on violence
The Birth of a Nation	a film made by D.W. Griffith in 1915, the KKK used it to spread their message and ideas, the group grew in power with this film
The American Civil Liberties Union(ACLU)-	founded in 1920, grew from the American Union Against Militarism, the ACLU helped conscientious objectors avoid going to war during WW1, and also helped those being prosecuted under the Espionage Act(1917) and the Sedition Act(1918), many of who were immi
Espionage Act	1917, criminalized actions that could interfere with the war effort or aid the enemy including obstructing the draft, making false statements, or disclosing national defense information
Sedition Act	1918, expanded the espionage act, by criminalizing speech that was “disloyal” profane, scurrilous, or abusive, about the government or the war effort, leading to the prosecution of many anti-war activists and socialists
The Anti-Defamation League	in 1913, was formed to prevent anti-semitic behavior and practices, its actions also worked to prevent all forms of racism and to prevent individuals from being discriminated against for any reason involving their race, they spoke against the KKK, as wel
The Great Depression	which began in 1929, with the stock market crash, grew out of several factors that had developed over the previous years including growing economic disparity between the rich and middle classes with the rich amassing wealth much more quickly than the lowe
Additional factors of the Great Depression	The Labor Day Hurricane in the Florida Keys(1935) and the Great Hurricane of 1938 in New England
Dust Bowl-	happened in the Great Plains, which destroyed crops and resulted in the displacement of as many as 2.5 million people
Franklin D. Roosevelt	was elected president in 1932 with his promise of a “New Deal” for Americans, his goals were to provide government work programs to provide jobs, wages and relief to numerous workers throughout the beleaguered US, Congress gave Roosevelt almost free rein
Goals of the New Deal-	Relief, Recovery, Reform
Relief	creating jobs for the high numbers of unemployed
Recovery	stimulating the economy through the National Recovery Administration
Reform-	passing legislation to prevent future similar economic crashes
Soil Conservation Service	passed by the Roosevelt Administration regarding ecological issues, aimed to prevent another Dust Bowl
Alphabet organizations	programs set up by the New Deal,
Civilian Conservation Crops(CCC)-	provided jobs in the forestry service
Agricultural Adjustment Administration(AAA)	increased agricultural income by adjusting both production and prices
Tennessee Valley Authority(TVA)	organized projects to build dams in the Tennessee River for flood control and production of electricity resulting in increased productivity for industries in the area and easier navigation of the Tennessee River
Public Works Administration(PWA)/Civil Works Administration(CWA)	provided a multitude of jobs, initiating over 34,000 projects
Works Progress Administration(WPA)	helped unemployed persons to secure employment on government work projects or elsewhere
Glass-steagall Act	separated investment from commercial banking
Securities Exchange Commission(SEC)	helped regulate Wall Street investment practices, making them less dangerous to the overall economy
Wagner Act	also known as the “National Labor Relations Act” it established that unions were legal, protected members of unions and required collective bargaining, provided workers and union rights to improve relations between employees and employers, this act was l
Social Security Act of 1935	provided pensions as well as unemployment insurance
Davis-Bacon Act	1931, provided fair compensation for contractors and subcontractors
Walsh-Healey Act	1936, established a minimum wage, child labor laws, safety standards, and overtime pay
Lyndon Johnson	Kennedy’s Vice President assumed the presidency after Kennedy’s assassination, he supported civil rights bills, tax cuts, and other wide-reaching legislation that Kennedy had also supported, known for although less positively for his handling of the Vietn
Great Society	Johnson saw America as this, and enacted legislation to fight diseases and poverty, renew urban areas, support education and environmental conservation, medicare and medicaid were instituted under his administration, he also continued Kennedy’s support of
Mahatma Gandhi	who led a class structure in India
Civil Rights Movement	1950s, post-war America was experiencing a rapid growth in prosperity, however African Americans found themselves left behind, began to demand equal rights
Rosa Parks	often called the “mother of the civil rights movement” her refusal to give up her seat on the bus to a white man served as a seed from which the movement grew
Martin Luther King Jr	the best-known leader of the movement, King drew on Gandhi’s beliefs and encouraged non-violent opposition, he led the march on Washington in 1963, received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964 and was assassinated in 1968
Malcolm X	espousing less peaceful means of change, Malcolm X became a Black Muslim, and supported black nationalism
Stokely Carmichael	Carmichael originated the term “Black Power” and served as head of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, he believed in black pride and black culture, and felt separate political and social institutions should be developed for blacks
Adam Clayton Powell	chairman of the Coordinating Committee for Employment, he led rent strikes and other actions as well as a bus boycott, to increase the hiring of blacks Jesse Jackson- Jackson was selected to head the Chicago Operation Breadbasket in 1966 and went on to o
Montgomery Bus Boycott	in 1955, Rosa Parks refused to give her seat on the bus to a white man, as a result she was tried and convicted of disorderly conduct and of violating local ordinances, a 381-day bus boycott ensued, protesting segregation on public buses
Desegregation of Little Rock	in 1957, after the Supreme Court decision on Brown v. Board of Education, which declared “separate but equal” unconstitutional, the Arkansas school board voted to desegregate their schools, even though Arkansas was considered progressive, its governor bro
Birmingham Campaign	protests organized a variety of actions such as sit-ins and an organized march to launch a voting campaign, when the City of Birmingham declared the protests illegal the protestors including Martin Luther King Jr persisted and were arrested and jailed
Brown v. Board of Education	1954, the Supreme Court declared that “separate but equal” accommodations and services were unconstitutional
Civil Rights Act of 1964	this declared discrimination illegal in employment, education, or public accommodation
Voting Rights Act of 1965	this act ended various activities practiced, mostly in the South,to bar blacks from exercising their voting rights, these included poll taxes and literacy tests
US & Communism	after WW2, the US pledged as part if its foreign policy to come to the assistance of any country threatened by communism
Vietnam War	When Vietnam was divided into a communist North and democratic South, much like Korea before it, the eventual attempts by the North to unify the country under Communist rule led to the intervention by the US, on the home front, the war became more and mor
Richard Nixon	President, took office in 1969, his escalation of the war led to protests at the Kent State in Ohio, during which several students were killed by National Guard troops, protests continued, eventually resulting in the end of the compulsory draft in 1973
End of the Vietnam War	in 1973 the US departed from Vietnam, in 1975 the South surrendered and Vietnam became a unified country under communist rule
US Cold War foreign policy acts	Marshall Plan, Containment Policy, Truman Doctrine, National Security Act, these policies affected international relationships between the US and the Soviet Union
Marshall Plan	this sent aid to war torn Europe after WW2, largely focusing on preventing the spread of communism
Containment Policy	proposed by Geroge F. Kennan, the containment policy focused on containing the spread of Soviet communism
Truman Doctrine	Harry S. Truman stated that the US would provide both economic and military support to any country threatened by Soviet takeover
National Security Act	passed in 1947, this act reorganized the government’s military departments into the Department of Defense as well as creating the Central Intelligence Agency and the National Security Council
The Cold War	Soviet communists attempting to spread their influence and the US and other countries trying to contain or stop this spread
NATO	North Atlantic Treaty Organization, came into being in 1949, it essentially amounted to an agreement among the US and Western European countries that an attack on any one of these countries was to be considered an attack against the entire group
Warsaw Pact	created a similar agreement to NATO, the Eastern European Countries came into this agreement under the influence of the Soviet Union(USSR, Bulgaria, East Germany, Poland, Romania, Albania, Hungary and Czechoslovakia)
Iron Curtain/Berlin Wall	in 1961 a wall was built to separate communist East Berlin from democratic West Berlin
Arm Race	after WW2, major nations particularly the US and the USSR rushed to develop highly advanced weapons systems such as the atomic bomb and the hydrogen bomb, these countries seemed determined to outpace each other with the development of numerous, deadly we
Mikhail Gorbachev-	in the late 1980s, he led the Soviet Union, he introduced a series of reform programs
Ronald Reagan	famously urged Gorbachev to tear down the Berlin Wall as a gesture of growing freedom in the Eastern Bloc
Fall of the Berlin Wall	in 1989 it was demolished ending the separation of East and West Germany
End of the Cold War	the Soviet Union relinquished its power over the various republics in Eastern Europe and they became independent nations with their own individual governments, in 1991, the USSR was dissolved and the Cold War also came to an end
Technological advances that occurred after WW2	discovery of penicillin(1928), supersonic air travel(1947), nuclear power plants(1951), orbital satellite leading to manned space flight(Sputnik, 1957), first man on the moon(1969)
US policy toward immigration after WW2	prior to WW2, the US had been limiting immigration for several decades, after WW2 the policy shifted slightly to accommodate political refugees from Europe and elsewhere
International Refugee Organization	so many people were displaced by the war that in 1946 the UN formed this organization to deal with this problem
Displaced Persons Act	in 1948, the US Congress passed this act which allowed over 400,000 European refugees to enter the US, most of them concentration camp survivors and refugees from Eastern Europe
United States Escapee Program(USEP)	in 1952, this increased the quotas, allowing refugees from communist Europe to enter the US
Refugee Relief Act	passed in 1953, did the same thing as the United States Escapee Program(USEP)
Internal Security Act of 1950	allowed deportation of declared communists, as Asians were subjected to a quota based on race, rather than country of origin
Migration and Refugee Assistance Act-	1962, provided aid for refugees in need
Immigration and Nationality Act	1965, ended quotas based on nation of origin
Immigration Reform and Control Act	1986, prohibited the hiring of illegal immigrants, but also granted amnesty to about three million illegals already in the country
Policies and Legislation Expanding Minority Rights	Civil RIghts Act(1964), Voting Rights Act(1965), Age Discrimination Act(1967), Americans with Disabilities Act(1990)
US in WW2 at the start	when war broke out in Europe in 1939, President Roosevelt stated that the US would remain neutral
Interventionist	America was willing to provide aid to the Allies without actually entering the conflict, thus the US supplied a wide variety of war materials to the Allied nations in the early years of the war
Isolationists-	believed the US should not provide any aid to the Allies, including supplies, they felt that Roosevelt, by assisting the Allies was leading the US into war for which it was not prepared
Charles Lindbergh	led the Isolationists, believed that any involvement in the European conflict endangered the US by weakening its national defense
Japan invaded China	in 1937, prompting the US to eventually halt exports to Japan, Roosevelt also did not allow Japanese interests to withdraw money held in US banks
General Tojo	in 1941, rose to power as the Japanese Prime Minister, recognizing America’s ability to bring a halt to Japan’s expansion, he authorized the bombing of Pearl Harbor on December 7th
Pearl Harbor	December 7th, Japanese Fighter pilots bomb the Hawaiian Naval Base of Pearl Harbor, this caused the US to enter WW2
Tripartite Pact	among the Axis Powers, Germany and Italy declared war on the US, later followed by Bulgaria, Hungary, other Axis nations
Hitler and the USSR	in 1941 Hitler violated the non-aggression pact he had signed with Stalin two years earlier by invading the USSR, Stalin then joined the Allies
WW2 and Africa	in 1942-1943, the Allies drove Axis forces out of Africa, in addition the Germans were soundly defeated at Stalingrad
Italian Campaign	involved Allied operations in Italy between July 1943 and May 1945, including Italy’s liberation
D-Day	on June 6th, 1944, the Allies invaded France at Normandy, Soviet troops moved on the eastern front at the same time, driving German forces back
Japans involvement in WW2	war continued with Japan after Germany’s surrender, Japanese forces had taken a large portion of Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific, all the way to the Aleutian Islands in Alaska
General Doolittle	bombed several Japanese cities while American troops scored a victory at Midway
Battle of the Coral Sea	further weakened Japan’s position
Hiroshima/Nagasaki-	The US dropped two Atomic Bombs on Japan one on Hiroshima and the other on Nagasaki, this was the first time atomic bombs had been used in warfare and the devastation was horrific and demoralizing
V-J Day-	Japan Surrendered on September 2, 1945
442nd Regimental Combat Team	consisted of Japanese-Americans fighting in Europe for the US, the most highly decorated unit per member in US history, they suffered a 93% casualty rate during the war
The Tuskegee Airmen	were an African American aviators, the first black Americans allowed to fly for the military, in spite of being ineligible to become official navy pilots, they flew over 15,000 missions and were highly decorated
Navajo Code Talkers	were native Navajo who used their traditional language to transmit information among Allied forces, because Navajo is a language and not simply a code, the Axis powers were never able to translate it use of Navajo Code talkers to transmit information was
Women and WW2	women served widely in the military during the war, working in numerous positions, women also moved into the workforce while men were overseas, leading to over 19 million women in the US workforce by 1944
Flight Nurses Corps	specialized nurses within the military who provided critical care to patients during air evacuation missions
Rosie the Riveter	stood as a symbol of these women and a means of recruiting others to take needed positions
Victory Gardens	women as well as their families left behind during wartime also grew victory gardens to help provide food
Atomic Bomb	developed during WW2, was the most powerful bomb ever invented, a single bomb carried by a single plane held enough power to destroy an entire city, this devastating effect was demonstrated with the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 in what later
Yalta Conference	in February 1945, Joseph Stalin, FDR and Winston Churchill met in Yalta to discuss the post-war treatment of the Axis Nations, particularly Germany
Potsdam Conference	basic provisions of these agreements included dividing Germany and Berlin into four zones of occupation, demilitarization of Germany, Poland remaining under Soviet control, outlawing the Nazi Party, trials for Nazi leaders, relocation of numerous German c
General Douglass MacArthur	led the American military occupation of Japan after the country surrendered, the goal of the US occupation included removing Japan’s military and making the country a democracy
Japan after WW2	a 1947 constitution removed power from the emperor and gave it to the people, as well as granting voting rights to women, Japan was no longer allowed to declare war, and a group of 28 government officials were tried for war crimes, in 1951 the US finally
Alien Registration Act	passed in 1940 which required all aliens older than 14 to be fingerprinted and registered, they were also required to report changes of address within five days
War Relocation Camps-	believing that even those Japanese living in the US were likely to be loyal to their native country, the president ordered numerous Japanese to be arrested on suspicion of subversive action and isolated in exclusion zones, approximately 120,000 Japanese-A
Arsenal of Democracy	what America called itself when trying to stop the spread of communism during the war
The Welfare State	what the government was called by some, the US government had greater control over various institutions as well as the economy, this also meant that the American government took on greater responsibilities for the well being of its citizens, both in the d
Fair Deal	21 point plan, this plan expanded Social Security, provided public housing, and made the Fair Employment Practice Committee permanent, Truman helped support Greece and Turkey(Which were under threat from the USSR) supported South Korea against communist N
United Nations	played a military role in the Korean War, the UN sent out a call to member nations, asking them to support South Korea
Korean War	began in 1950-1953, North Korea sent communist troops into South Korea, seeking to bring the entire country under communist control, ended with a truce instead of a peace treaty, Korea remains divided at the 38th Parallel north, with communist rule remain
Accomplishments of Dwight D. Eisenhower-	carried out a middle of the road foreign policy and brought the US several steps forward in equal rights, minimize tensions during the Cold War, negotiated a peace treaty with Russia after the death of Stalin, he enforced desegregation by sending troops t
President John F Kennedy	term was cut short by his assassination, instituted economic programs that led to a period of continuous expansion in the US unmatched since before WW2, he formed Alliance for Progress and the Peace Corps, organizations intended to help developing nations
Lee Harvey Oswald	assassinated JFK in 1963
Cuban Missile Crisis	occured in 1962, during JFK presidency, Russian Prime Minister Nikita Khrushchev decided to place nuclear missiles in Cuba to protect the island from invasion by the US, tensions rose with the US concerned about nuclear missiles so close to its shores, an
Events of Richard Nixon Presidency	end of the Vietnam War, improved diplomatic relations between the US and China and the US and the USSR, National Environmental Policy Act passed providing for environmental protection, compulsory draft ended, Supreme Court legalized abortion in Roe v. Wad
Events of Gerald Ford Presidency	was originally Nixon’s Vice President, became president after Nixon resigned, saw negotiations with Russia to limit nuclear arms, struggled to deal with inflation, economic downturn, and energy shortage, Ford’s policies sought to reduce governmental contr
Events of the Jimmy Carter Presidency	was elected in 1976, faced with a budget deficit, high unemployment, and continued inflation, Carter also dealt with numerous matters of international diplomacy including: Torrijos-Carter Treaties, Camp David Accords, Strategic Arms Limitation Talks(SALT
Torrijos-Carter Treaties	the US gave control of the Panama Canal to Panama
Camp David Accords	negotiations between Anwer el-Sadat, the president of Egypt and Menachem Begin the Israeli Prime Minister, led to a peace treaty between Egypt and Israel
Strategic Arms Limitation Talks	these led to agreements and treaties between the US and the Soviet Union
Iran Hostage Crisis	after the Shah of Iran was deposed, an Islamic cleric, Ayatollah Khomeini, came to power, the shah came to the US for medical treatment and Iran demanded his return so he could stand trial, in retaliation, a group of Iranian students stormed the US Embass
Events of the Ronald Reagan Presidency	at 69 became president, the oldest American president, two terms, notable events such as Reaganomics, Economy Recovery tax act of 1981, appointing Sandra Day O’Connor, massive increase in the national debt, reduction of nuclear weapons via negotiations wi
Reaganomics	also known as supply-side, trickle-down, or free-market economics, involving major tax cuts
Sandra Day O’Connor	First female justice appointed to the Supreme Court
Massive Increase in the national debt under Reagan	from 1 trillion to 3 trillion
Iran-Contra Scandal-	cover up of US involvement in revolutions in El Salvador and Nicaragua
Challenger	name of the loss space shuttle
George H. W. Bush-	Reagan's vice president, became president, gave the “Thousand points of light” speech, events that took place under his administration were fall of the Berlin wall and Germany’s unification, Panamanian dictator Manuel Noriega captured and tried on drug a
Gulf War or Operation Desert Storm	triggered by Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait
Events of Bill Clinton Presidency	second president to be impeach, but he was not convicted, and maintained high approval ratings in spite of impeachment, major events that happened were the Family and Medical Leave Act, “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell” policy, North American Free Trade Agreement(N
Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell-	a compromise position regarding homosexuals serving in the military
Siege at Waco	happened in Texas, involving the Branch Davidians led by David Koresh
Troops sent to Haiti-	Bosnia and Somalia to assist with domestic problems in those areas
George W. Bush	son of Geroge Herbert Walker Bush, became president after Clinton, major events that happened were 9/11, War on Terror, US troops sent to Iraq, the Great Recession
9/11-	al-Qaeda terrorists hijack commercial airliners and fly into the World Trade Center Towers and the Pentagon, killing nearly 3000 Americans
War on Terror	US troops sent to Afghanistan to hunt down al-Qaeda leaders, including the head if the organization Osama Bin Laden
US troops sent to Iraq	along with a multinational coalition, to dispose Saddam Hussein and prevent his deployment of suspected weapons of mass destruction
The Great Recession	subprime mortgage crisis and near collapse of the financial industry, first of multiple government bailouts of the financial industry
Barack Obama	first term senator from Illinois, became the first African-American president, major events included multiple bailout packages and spending efforts in an attempt to inject more money into a stagnant economy, massive increase in the national debt from 10 t
Affordable Care Act	legislation that greatly increased government involvement in the healthcare industry and required every person living in the US to maintain health insurance coverage
Broaden Gay Rights	including the repeal of Clinton’s Don’t ask, Don’t tell policy for homosexuals serving in the military
Donald Trump	billionaire real estate tycoon, no prior political experience, focused on increasing immigration enforcement to curb illegal immigration, restricting foreign trade to improve the dwindling American manufacturing industry and repealing the Affordable Care

Created by: Mr. Rafferty

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