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Earth systems
Unit 10
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Earth system | all of the nonliving things, living things and processes that make up Earth |
| Geosphere | the mostly solid, rocky part of Earth that extends from the center to the core to the surface of the crust |
| Hydrosphere | the portion of Earth that is water |
| Cryosphere | one of Earth’s spheres that is water in solid form |
| Atmosphere | a mixture of gases that surrounds a planet, moon, or another celestial body |
| Biosphere | the part of Earth where life exists |
| Energy budget | a natural resource humans use to generate energy |
| Air pressure | the measure of the force with which air molecules push on a surface |
| Thermosphere | the uppermost layer of the atmosphere in which temperature increases as altitude increases |
| Mesosphere | the strong lower part of the mantle between the asthenosphere and the outer core |
| Stratosphere | the layer of the atmosphere that lies between the troposphere and the mesosphere and in which temperature increases as altitude increases |
| Troposphere | the layer of the atmosphere that lies between the troposphere and the mesosphere and in which temperature increases as altitude increases |
| Ozone layer | the layer of altitude of 15 to 40 km in which ozone absorbs ultraviolet solar radiation |
| Greenhouse effect | the warming of the surface and lower atmosphere of Earth that occurs when water vapor, carbon dioxide, and other gases absorb and reradiate energy |
| Temperature | a measure of how hot or cold something is; specifically, a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in an object |
| Thermal energy | the total kinetic energy of a substance’s atoms |
| Thermal expansion | an increase in the size of a substance in response to an increase of temperature of the substance |
| Heat | the energy transferred between objects that are at different temperatures |
| Radiation | the transfer of energy as electromagnetic waves |
| Convection | the movement of matter due to differences in density; the transfer of energy due to the movement of matter |
| Conduction | the transfer of energy as heat through a material |
| Wind | the movement of air caused by differences in air pressure |
| Coriolis effect | the curving of a path of a moving object from an otherwise straight path due to Earth’s rotation |
| Global wind | the movement of air over Earth’s surface in patterns that are worldwide |
| Jet stream | a narrow band of strong winds that blow in the upper atmosphere |
| Local wind | the movement of air over short differences; occurs in specific areas as a result of certain geographical features |
| Ocean currents | a movement of ocean water that follows a regular pattern |
| Surface currents | a horizontal movement of ocean water that is caused by wind and that occurs at or near the ocean’s surface |
| Deep currents | a stream-like movement of ocean water far below the surface |
| Convection currents | any movement of matter that results in differences in density; may be vertical, circular, or cyclical |
| Upwelling | the movement of deep, cold, nutrient-rich water to the surface |
Created by:
John O'Brien