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Psych Exam 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Science | set of method for info collection to build a reliable base of knowledge: set of methods, collecting info, and contribute to knowledge |
| Goals of Phycological Science | Describe, Explain, Predict, Control |
| Explain | relates to theory |
| Predict | relates to hypothesis |
| Theory-data cycle | Scientists acquire knowledge by collecting data to test and then revise/update theories about the world. |
| Theory | General principles that explain how and why variables relates to one another. |
| Hypothesis | Scientific predictions drawn from theory that answer questions about the world. |
| Correlational strength | measured by its correlation coefficient, a number between -1 and +1 |
| Higher number | stronger relationship in correlational strength |
| r = 1 | rare; perfect correlation |
| Positive Correlation | Positive r, variables change in the same direction |
| Negative Correlation | Negative r, variables change in the opposite direction |
| Experimental Designs Features | Variables, Comparison Groups, Random Groups |
| Type of Variables | Independent and dependent |
| Type of Comparison Groups | Experimental and Control group |
| Bias | Reason for random |
| Descriptive Research | studying how many times or in what ways a behavior occurs |
| Correlation Research | studying associations between 2/more variables |
| Experimental Research | studying causal associations between variables |
| Type of Descriptive Methods | Observation, Self-report, and Case studies |
| Observation method | systematically assessing and recording behavior (in field lab, observation bias; reactivity) |
| Self report method | questionaries/surveys ("can't tell won't tell problem) |
| Case Studies method | examination of a lone subject (unique populations) |
| The Nervous System | Mind-body communication that consists of neurons. |
| The Nervous System | receive, process, and respond to info |
| Neuron's anatomy | Dendrites, Cell Body's soma, Axon, Myelin Sheath, and Terminal button |
| Dendrites | thorny-like base structures that extend of the base of neurons to receive communication from other neurons and pass it to the cell body (soma). |
| Soma | integrates all the stimulus ultimately fire under neuron-impulse for communication |
| Axon | The neuron travels quickly in this using Myelin Sheath |
| Myelin Sheath | fatty tissues that encapsulates the axon and encourage fast and effective communication of the neuron. |
| Terminal Buttons | prepare to signal communication with the next neighbor neurons; endpoints |
| Synapse | Synaptic gap; when 2 neurons communicate with each other, they don't touch |
| Neurotransmitters | Electrochemical messengers that cross synapse between neurons; signals could get lost, broken down; ex: Reuptake & SSRis |
| Reuptake | reabsorption of those signals back into the neurons; encourage chemical balance; ex: SSRIs |
| Acetylcholine | Motor control over muscles; attention, memory, learning, and sleeping; ex: botox |
| Norepinephrine | Arousal and alertness (focus); greater effect on blood pressure |
| Serotonin | Emotional states & impulses control; dreaming (SSRs help reduce this reuptake to improve mood) |
| Endorphins | Body's natural pain reduction/relievers ex: opioids, exercises, & social connections |
| Dopamine | Reward & motivation; Motor control over voluntary movement; happy chemical in the brain: for pleasures, rewards, & motivation; lack of this neurotransmitter associate with Parkinson's stiffness and tremors, troubling moving |
| GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) | Inhibition of action potential (slow down body communication); Intoxication (through alcohol) |
| Glutamate | Enhancement of action potential (speed up body communication); learning and memory |
| Central Nervous System | Brain and Spinal Cord |
| Forebrain | motivation, emotion, and complex thought; Limbic system |
| limbic system | Thalamus, Hippocampus, Amygdala, Hypothalamus |
| Thalamus | Process sensory info; sense, hear, touch; not smell |
| Hippocampus | form new memories |
| Amygdala | searing emotional & threatening memories so you might never forget |
| Hypothalamus | regulates needs, wants, and drives |
| Midbrain | Substantia nigra (initiating voluntary movements); a lot of dopamine (goal-directed behavior) takes up here and damage can instigate Parkinson's disease |
| Neuroplasticity | Rapid firing/ wiring of neural connections that help brain recover from damages, esp. in early in life; ex: language learning and story of Michelle Mack |
| Cerebral Cortex | Orpus Callosum (collateral brain) |
| Left brain control | Speech and language |
| Right brain control | Spatial reasoning & judgements |
| Frontal lobe | higher level orders of thinking & intelligence; self-restrain |
| Parietal lobe | touch and pain |
| Temporal lobe | Hearing and process info |
| Occipital lobe | Back side; vision |
| Piaget's Stage of Development | Cognitive maturation happens in stages |
| Sensorimotor stage | (up to 2 yrs old) learning through sense; lack object permanence; visual cliff study |
| Preoperational stage | 2-7 yrs old) represent things w/ words and images, but stuck in centration, egocentrism, and theory of mind |
| Concrete operations | (7-11 yrs. old) think logically about concrete concepts |
| Formal operation | (12+ yrs. old) thing logically about abstract concepts |
| Adolescence | Transition from child to adulthood: puberty, early v. late puberty, & the brain |
| Social Identity | Image building, observation & modeling, & social media involvement |
| Fraternal twins | Separated fertilized eggs; share 50% genetic; same/opposite sex |
| Identical twins | One fertilized eggs shared; share 100% makeup, isolate nurture's importance, same sex only |
| Minnesota twin project | Assessed separated twins from birth; results in yet similar lives, job, similar spouses, lifestyles, etc. |
| Gender schema theory | People learn gender roles by attending to "gender-typed info" in the environment; seek out consistent gender role info |
| Social learning theory | People learn gender roles through observation and imitation; rewards and avoids |
| Germinal period | (conception-2 weeks) zygote goes through rapid cell division, formation, & specialization & leading baby's organ |
| Embryonic period | Baby's central organs development: CNS & PNS; critical period for miscarriages |
| Fetal period | (2 months-birth) longest prenatal development and see muscle development (mothers feel kick and moving around) |
| Teratogen | Any substance that can harm the baby inside the womb |
| Fetal alcohol syndrome | Facial abnormalities, heart problems, depression of central nervous system (slowing down) |
| SID (Sudden Infant Death) | Lying baby face down on the crib and not securing baby's head |
| Maturation | Orderly sequence of biological growth; "crawl b4 walk"; brain development (neuroplasticity), Sensory Development, and Motor Development |
| Harlow monkeys and mother as food hypothesis | Stranger/separation anxiety |
| Attachment Theories | Secure, Avoidant, and Ambivalent |
| Parenting styles | Authoritarian "strict", permissive "unresponsive", & authoritarian "firm but flexible" |
| dualism | Idea that the mind and body are completely separate |
| structuralism | Map up mind through introspection (reflecting inwards on beliefs, morals, etc.) People have privileged access to their own thoughts |
| Nisbett & Wilson | We know the results of our thinking, not the process |
| Functionalism | Studying the functionality of our thoughts and feelings through design to help you live your life better. |
| Cognitive revolution | Physiologists deep dive in how mind perceives, process and encodes info; ex: reaction-time, survey; prominent findings: selective attention, memory storage, and language learning |
| Behaviorism | Behaviorists emphasize behavior; study environment factors; thoughts and feelings are useless; rewards and punishments |
| Freud's psychoanalytic | Understanding the unconsciousness (worst version of yourself, desires, urges, impulses, & fear); Id - residing the unconsciousness; Superego - conscious ; Ego - in between but favor Id more (might rationalize the id) |
| Observer bias | Intentionally/unintentionally bias on their data |
| Reactivity | when the subjects know they're being watched, so their actions might be candid |
| Neuron's function | Communication |
| Limbic system | Motions, impulses, and drives |
| Harry Harlow's attachment | Contact comfort is essential for attachment |
| Schemas | Broadly entails our knowledge about the world |
| Psychology | Study of mental activity and behavior, which are brain processes |
| Tabula rasa | blank state: 100% molded by environment |
| Spinal cord | Transmit info between body and brain |
| Hindbrain | Medulla, Pons, Cerebellum; brain stem - oldest brain region and responsible for survival functions |
| Assimilation | Trying to fit new experiences into the existing schemas |
| Accommodation | Modify existing schemas to better distinguish between objects |
| Theory of mind | children begin to learn that other people have mental state that are different from their own |
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