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ap bio test 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what part of h2o is positve vs negative? | positive: micky mouse ears (2 small ones) negative: the 1 big |
| % change in mass formula: | final - initial/ initial x 100 |
| sa:vol - | the larger the cube, the larger the SA and Vol, but the smallest SA:Vol ratio. so, u want cells to be small to have the most SA to inc. efficiency of reactions. u can do this by mitosis or change shape (flatten, add extensions, etc) |
| passive vs active transport: | passive: H--> L, no ATP, facilated diffusion (glucose, polar), channel protein (H2O [osmosis]), carrier protein, simple diffusion (co2, O2) active: L --> H, ATP, protein pumps (H+ and Na+/K+), exocytosis (w/ vescile), endocytosis (w/ vescile) |
| how do we see processes of cells across kingdoms? | cellular respiration, protein synthesis, DNA replication |
| IV, DV, constants, controls, experimental: | IV: what you change (x-axis) DV: what happens bc of that change (y-axis) consants: what stays the same controls: untreated group experimental: treated group(s) |
| plant vs animal vs prokaryotic vs all: | plant: large central vacuole, chloroplast, cell wall, small mitochondria animal: nucleus, bigger mitochondria prokaryotic: no nucleus, no organelles all: protein synthesis, photosynthesis/respiration, ribosomes, dna, cell membrane, cytoplasm |
| nuclear membrane: | organizes DNA and makes ribosomal subunits |
| cell wall: | additional wall surrounding plant cells |
| rough ER: | -has ribosomes -helps polypeptides fold (protein structures) -modifies protein by either adding carb or cutting protein (ex: glycoprotein) |
| vesicles: | transports ribosomes around the cell along a cytoskeleton |
| smooth ER: | -makes lipids -detoxifies toxins -storage (ex: calcium) |
| cytoplasm: | liquid surrounding everywhere in the cell |
| golgi: | -recieves proteins -modifies proteins -"tags" proteins to then tell it/match it to where it needs to go |
| vacuole: | storage of food, water, nutrients, etc |
| lysosome: | -digestive enzymes -breaks down old cell parts |
| mitochondria: | -produces ATP through cellular respiration |
| chloroplast: | performs photosynthesis and thus creates chlorophyll |
| what do inner membranes do? | increases surface area for reactions = increases ATP production. Mitochondria, chloroplasts, and certain bacteria possess inner membranes |
| where do ribosomes go after golgi (3 things) | -export out of the cell -vesicle -membrane |
| ribosomes do: | SYNTHESIZE PROTIENS by translating mRNA into chains of amino acids |
| advantage eukaryotic cells have over prokaryotic: | -Higher Complexity and Specialization (membrane-bound organelles, specialized functions, organization) -Efficiency and Energy (mitochondria/chloroplast) -Genetic Material and Reproduction (genetic diversity [mitosis/meiosis]) |
| what can/can not move through the phospholipid bilayer and why: | can: small, nonpolar (o2, co2), h2O and hydrophobic (lipids) bc they are small enough to pass can NOT: ions, large polar, glucose, AA bc they are large and charged |
| hypotonic: | -low solute conc -high h2o conc -big |
| hypertonic: | -high solute conc -low h2O -small |
| hypertonic w/ plant cell: | wilt |
| hypertonic w/ animal cell: | -shrivel -shrink |
| hypotonic w/ plant cell: | -turgor pressure against cell wall -rigid/turgid |
| hypotonic w/ animal cell: | bursts |
| isotonic w/ plant cell: | limp |
| isotonic w/ animal cell: | -normal :) |
| what "n" stands for: | how many sets/number of trials |
| what to write in between each set in standard deviation | + |
| mean = | average of WHOLE number |
Created by:
acuda25