Save
Upgrade to remove ads
Busy. Please wait.
Log in with Clever
or
show password
Forgot Password?
Don't have an account?  Sign up 
Sign up using Clever
or
Username is available taken
show password


Make sure to remember your password. If you forget it there is no way for StudyStack to send you a reset link. You would need to create a new account. Your email address is only used to allow you to reset your password. See our Privacy Policy and Terms of Service.

Already a StudyStack user? Log In

Reset Password
Enter the associated with your account, and we'll email you a link to reset your password.
focusNode
Didn't know it?
click below
 
Knew it?
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
0:00
edit
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.

  Normal Size     Small Size show me how

toxicology ch 8

QuestionAnswer
Cancer disease of cellular mutation, proliferation, & aberrant cell growth
Tumor complex tissue w/ multiple cell populations that interact, function as a tissue
Benign tissue of origin followed by suffix “oma”
Malignant develop when abnormal cells grow, multiply, and spread to other parts of the body.
Carcinogen Substance capable of causing cancer in living tissue
Genotoxic carcinogen Interact physically w/ DNA to damage or change its structure
Nongenotoxic carcinogen Changes how DNA expresses information w/o modifying or damaging its structure •Creates a situation that makes cell/tissue more susceptible to DNA damage
Carcinogenesis Process of definable & reproducible stages
MULTISTAGE CARCINOGENESIS 1.Initiation - mutation occurs 2.Promotion - mutated cells divide 3.Progression - more mutations, cells more aggressive
•Direct-acting (activation-independent) genotoxic carcinogens interact physically w/ DNA, produces highly reactive electrophilics, frequently result in tumor formation at chemical exposure site
Indirect-acting genotoxic carcinogens require metabolism to become carcinogenic
Mutagens transitions, transversions, frame-shifting, or broken DNA
Polyaromatic hydrocarbons cigarette smoke, BBQ, diesel exhaust
Alkylating agents multiple drugs
Aromatic amines/amides dyes, cigarette smoke
Cytotoxicity produces cell turnover, ­ chance of DNA mutation
•Receptor-mediated CAR cell proliferation, inhibit apoptosis
PPARα transcription factor, gene expression
AhR transcription factor, links environmental chemical stimuli w/ adaptive responses (detoxification, cellular homeostasis, immune responses)
Hormonal estrogen/TSH leads to cell proliferation
Altered methylation affects gene translation
Oxidative stress DNA breaks, crosslinks, other modifications
Proto-oncogenes, tumor-suppressor genes regulate cell division
Retroviruses mutate genes in nearly normal cells (HIV)
DNA viruses most lethal to non-host animal cells; survivors permanently transformed (HPV)
SHORT-TERM TESTS FOR MUTAGENICITY identify potential genotoxic carcinogens
In vitro gene mutation assay Ames assay - uses his- bacteria Mouse lymphoma assay - uses eukaryotic cells Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) test - chromosomes
Created by: aceofspades08
 

 



Voices

Use these flashcards to help memorize information. Look at the large card and try to recall what is on the other side. Then click the card to flip it. If you knew the answer, click the green Know box. Otherwise, click the red Don't know box.

When you've placed seven or more cards in the Don't know box, click "retry" to try those cards again.

If you've accidentally put the card in the wrong box, just click on the card to take it out of the box.

You can also use your keyboard to move the cards as follows:

If you are logged in to your account, this website will remember which cards you know and don't know so that they are in the same box the next time you log in.

When you need a break, try one of the other activities listed below the flashcards like Matching, Snowman, or Hungry Bug. Although it may feel like you're playing a game, your brain is still making more connections with the information to help you out.

To see how well you know the information, try the Quiz or Test activity.

Pass complete!
"Know" box contains:
Time elapsed:
Retries:
restart all cards