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1.1.4 - Long Bones &
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| -osteo | Suffix meaning bone(s) |
| Long Bones | Bones that are longer than wide (femur, humerus, tibia, fibula) |
| Short Bones | small, cube-shaped bones |
| Flat Bones | a type of bone that is thin, flattened, and often curved. (ribs, sternum, and scapulae) |
| Irregular Bones | complex, non-symmetrical shapes that do not fit into other categories of bones |
| Diaphysis | The shaft or central part of a long bone. It’s mostly compact bone and provides strong support. |
| Epiphysis | The rounded end part of a long bone, which is usually covered with articular cartilage and contains spongy bone inside. |
| Epiphyseal Line | The remnant of the growth plate (epiphyseal plate) in adults; it’s where the bone used to grow in length. |
| Metaphysis | The region between the diaphysis and epiphysis in a growing bone, containing the growth plate. |
| Medullary Cavity | The hollow interior in the diaphysis that houses bone marrow. |
| Yellow Bone Marrow | Found mainly in the medullary cavity, it stores fat. |
| Periosteum | The tough, fibrous membrane covering the outer surface of bones (except at joints), containing blood vessels and nerves. |
| Articular Cartilage | Smooth cartilage covering the epiphysis where bones meet at joints, reducing friction and absorbing shock. |
| Trabeculae | The lattice-like network of bony struts inside spongy (cancellous) bone. They create spaces that lighten the bone and help distribute stress. These little beams give spongy bone its porous structure. |
| Red Bone Marrow | Found within the spaces between trabeculae in spongy bone, especially in flat bones and the epiphyses of long bones. It’s where hematopoiesis happens — the production of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. |
| Osteon | The main building block of hard bone. It looks like a tiny tube with rings around a center hole that has blood vessels and nerves. Bone cells live in small spaces around the rings and talk to each other through tiny channels. Osteons keep bones strong. |
| Haversian Canal | The central tube in an osteon that carries blood vessels and nerves. |
| Osteocyte | A mature bone cell that lives in small spaces (lacunae) and helps maintain the bone. |
| Osteoblast | A bone cell that builds new bone by making and adding bone matrix. |
| Osteoclast | A bone cell that breaks down old bone to help with growth and repair. |
| Canaliculi | Tiny, thin channels that connect bone cells (osteocytes) in their small spaces (lacunae). They let nutrients and waste pass between cells, helping the bone stay healthy. |
| Lamellae | Thin layers or rings of bone matrix that make up the osteon. |
| Endosteum | A thin membrane lining the inside of the bone’s medullary cavity. |
| Lacuna | Small spaces in bone where osteocytes (bone cells) live. |
| Blood Vessels | Tubes that carry blood throughout the body, including inside bones. |
| Arterioles | Small branches of arteries that bring oxygen-rich blood to tissues. |
| Venules | Small veins that carry blood back toward the heart. |
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