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Greek History #1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Sir Arthur J. Evans | found Linear B tablets in Crete |
| Michael Ventris | deciphered the Linear B tablets found by Sir Arthur Evans |
| Lefkandi | a Greek city that became a hub of Mycenean culture during the Dark Ages because it wasn't attractive to foreign invaders, residing on a small rocky Greek island |
| Bronze Age Developments | the inhabitants of Greece learned how to make bronze; warriors known as Myceneans enter Greece at this time as well; weapons are expanded past bronze and jewelry was created due to increased income; myth of the Minotaur; Trojan war |
| Heroon's Grave | "Hero's Grave"; found on Lefkandi, suggested the reemergence of a ruling class during the Dark Ages |
| Agamemnon-Achilles Conflict #1 | on a raid to a town near Troy (Chryse), Agamemnon takes a priest's (Chryses) daughter (Chryseis) as a prize and refuses to give her back, so the priest calls on Apollo to send a plague on the Greeks |
| Agamemnon-Achilles Conflict #2 | the plague comes, leading Achilles to demand Agamemnon to return his prize, which he only agrees to in return for Achilles' prize, and Achilles only agrees after more arguing and leaving the fight |
| Minoan Organization and Culture #1 | the Minoans were closer in tradition/language to Egypt than Greece, although they had a great deal of influence on Myceneans; the Minoan language is unreadable; the bull was the animal of Crete |
| Minoan Organization and Culture #2 | King Minos' son went to participate in Athenian games and won, leading to him being murdered by Athenians, and in response King Minos asked for seven boys and seven girls as sacrifice every nine years |
| Minoan Organization and Culture #3 | Crete was a hub of trade due to their position in the sea and became very wealthy through taxation; Minoan civilization was destroyed around 1375 BCE |
| Proto-Geometric Pottery | c. 1050-900 BCE, arose as a rebirth of art in the Dark Ages as a result of a faster potter's wheel, compasses to draw better curves, and rulers being used for lines |
| Geometric Pottery | c. 900-700 BCE, more detailed than proto-geometric, including meanders, zigzags, triangles, and crosshatches along solid bands and lines |
| Colonization Movement | Greek settlements start popping up around the Mediteranean around 825-800 BCE, ended around 500 BCE where Greece stretched from Spain to the east Black Sea to North Africa to Ukraine |
| Oikos | the Greek word for house, used to label Dark Age communities' small farming outposts |
| Theseus vs Minotaur #1 | Theseus was a prince of Athens but was raised elsewhere, so when he came back and saw the children being shipped off, he took one of their place's and killed the Minotaur, becoming Athen's first great hero |
| Theseus vs Minotaur #2 | it's theorized that King Minos was just demanding children to sacrifice to the gods in return for the death of his son, and Theseus just worked out a deal rather than killing the fictional beast |
| Heinrich Schliemann #1 | his father was kicked out of Germany for embezzlement, and following in his footsteps, Schilemann moved from the UK to the US to profit off of the California Gold Rush before getting kicked out for charging exorbitant bank fees |
| Heinrich Schliemann #2 | then he also got kicked out of Saudi Arabia for lying his way into Mecca; besides that, he funded Frank Calvert's exhibitions into western Turkey |
| Heinrich Schliemann #3 | then proceeded to parade the artifacts around Europe, charging money to see them and pocking valuables for himself, leading him to get kicked out of Turkey as well |
| Linear B | a tablet found by Arthur Evans and deciphered by Michael Ventris that has one of the earliest forms of the Greek language |
| Dark Ages #1 | despite their win in Troy in 1200, Mycenean culture vanishes around 1150, in part due to the power vacuum that occurred from all Greece's leaders being gone for 10+ years |
| Dark Ages #2 | also in part due to the fact that the Dorians who lived in upper Greece moved down to populate southern Greece around 1100; also known as the Iron Age |
| Palace at Knossos | King Minos' palace was extremely large, especially for the time, almost like a labyrinth |
| Patroclus | Achilles' 'roommate' who puts on Achilles' armor and goes to fight in his place when he refuses, going against his wishes to avoid the thick of battle, and while he does very well, he is killed by Hector of Troy, angering Achilles enough to reenter battle |
| Dorian Invasion | the movement of the Dorians from central Greece down into southern Greece around 1100 BCE |
| Mycenean Civilization | Indo-European settlers who speak the earliest form of Greek; a warrior people who wear armor, drive chariots, and kill both animals and people |
| Aryans | entered Greece in the early Bronze age; the term refers to an ancient group of people, particularly the Indo-Iranians |
| Synoecism | 'joining houses together'; refers to the Dark Age period with communities of farming outposts; the angelicized form of the Greek word sun-oik-ismos, meaning uniting the oikoi |
| Indo-Europeans | individuals that speak Indo-European languages, a family that includes most of Europe and parts of Asia; includes Myceneans; were involved in the creation of bronze in Greece |
| Europa | Phoenician princess of Tyre, mother of King Minos, consort of Zeus |
| Mask of Agamemnon | a golden funeral mask discovered by Heinrich Schliemann and dating back to the Bronze Age |
| Labyrs | a double sided axe used to sacrifice people, potentially what was used to sacrifice the kids sent to Crete (laybr - labyrinth) |
| Iron Age | another name for the Dark Ages because it succeeds the Bronze Age, and going from bronze to iron is a downgrade |
| Agora | a large open space at or near the center of the city that became a marketplace and public space in this period; official buildings made it the state center, sanctuaries, fountain houses, and public monuments made it iconic; translates to 'assembly' |
| Pasiphae | wife of King Minos, mother of the Minotaur; she falls for the bull because King Minos only gets the throne from his father since Poseidon gifts him a bull as a 'sign', but Minos doesn't sacrifice the bull as he was instructed to, pissing Poseidon off |
| Trojan Horse | after Achilles dies, the Greeks construct a wooden horse that they give to Troy as a 'gift' for their victory, and the night after they bring it in the Greeks hidden inside the horse come out and destroy the city c 1200 BCE |
| Chryseis | daughter of Chryses, taken by Agamemnon as a war prize for raiding her village, Chryse, and then returned after Apollo sends a plague on the Greeks and Achilles and Agamemnon have a fight about it |
| Hector | prince of Troy, older brother of Paris of Troy, Troy's greatest warrior, killed Patroclus and killed by Achilles; Achilles drags his body around out of anger, but the gods preserve his corpse until his father can get him back |
| Numismastics | the study or collection of currency; currency was started in the 600s BCE, but it was of such high value it wasn't really used for trade and stood more a symbol of the government's authority |
| Barbaroi | the Greek word for barbarian, an antonym of citizen and a term used to refer to anyone non-Greek |
| Tholos Graves | a beehive tomb that replaced the shaft grave for the burial of the elite at the beginning of the Late Bronze Age |
| Judgement of Paris #1 | Prince Paris of Troy was tasked with choosing who the most beautiful goddess was, and to try and make him pick them, Hera offered him power, Athena offered him wisdom and military skill |
| Judgement of Paris #2 | and Aphrodite offered him the love of the most beautiful woman in the world, who was Helen of Sparta; Paris chose the latter, angering the King of Sparta, King Menelaus, who she was married to, and beginning the Trojan War |
| Minoan & Mycenean Art | mostly characterized by intricate pottery, goldwork, and jewelry |
| Briseis | Achilles' prize from the invasion of Chryse who he is forced to give up to Agamemnon so he'll return his prize and stop the plague on the Greeks, but in return Achilles exits the Trojan War |
| Phaistos Disc | a clay disc with spiral text in an unknown language found in a Minoan palace on Crete |
| Pan-Hellenism | the idea of uniting all Greeks into a single political body; supported by the creation of the Olympic games and the Oracle at Delphi; colonizing Greeks brought their Greek-ness with them |
| Acropolis of Athens | an acropolis was the temple for a local god, and Athens' god was Athena, so it was a temple for Athena |
| Oath of Tyndareus | Tyndareus, King of Sparta, father of Helen, created an oath with the help of Odysseus where all suitors would support the man chosen as Helen's husband, meaning they were bound to loyalty when Helen was taken to Troy |
| Thera | the name of the archeological site from classical antiquity on the island of Santorini, established by Dorian colonists in the 800s BCE |
| Epigraphy | the study and interpretation of ancient inscriptions |
| Linear A | a writing system used by Minoans from 1800 to 1450 BCE; consists of over 300 signs |
| Megaron | the great hall in very early Mycenaean and ancient Greek palace complexes; consisted of an open porch, an entrance, and a large hall with a central hearth and throne |
| Thalassocracy | 'rule of the sea'; a state with primarily maritime realms, an empire at sea, or a seaborne empire |
| Hesiod | a Greek poet thought to have been active between 750 and 650 BCE, most famously having written Theogony, telling stories of the gods, as well as Works and Days where he plays the voice of the middle class, both hating the rich and exploiting the poor |
| Neolithic Period | 6500-3000 BCE |
| Bronze Age | 3000-1150 BCE |
| Dark Age | 1150-750 BCE |
| Archaic Period | 750-490 BCE |
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