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Exam 2
chapters 4,5,&6
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cell Theory | - All living organisms are composed of one or more cells - Cells are the smallest unit of life - New cells can only come from pre-existing cells |
| prokaryote | Simple cell structure with no Nucleus |
| Eukaryote | Complex cell structures with internal membranes for organelles and DNA within a nucleus |
| Bacteria | Type of prokaryote, very abundant in environment and our bodies, mostly non-harmful |
| Archaea | Type of prokaryote, much less abundant and often found in extreme environments |
| Proteome | Largely determines the characteristics of a cell, Same DNA different proteomes |
| Surface Area | Two dimensional |
| volume | three dimensional, always bigger |
| Anabolism | Synthesis of cellular molecules and macromolecules |
| Catabolism | Breakdown of a molecule into smaller components |
| Endosymbiosis Theory | Both plant and animal cells originated from primordial eukaryotic cells, which both came from different types of bacterium |
| Why do membrane lipids spontaneously form in water? | Phospholipids are amphipathic, hydrophobic region faces in, hydrophilic region faces out |
| Which kinds of molecules pass through the membrane? | H2O and non charged molecules |
| Which kinds of molecules do NOT pass through the membrane? | Charged molecules and ions & macromolecules |
| What kind of molecules make up the cell membrane? | phospholipids (most abundant) , cholesterol (20%) glycolipids |
| what determines the level of fluidity in a membrane? | depends on hydrocarbon tails, with or without cholesterol - short tails & more double bonds=less interactions, more fluid -longer tails & saturated fats= more interaction, more viscous |
| How does cholesterol affect fluidity? | Packs tight within the empty spaces of tails, stabilizes and stiffens membranes |
| Asymmetrical inner leaf | Cytosol, found on inside side of cell membrane. Hydrophobic side faces outward. |
| outer leaf | Extracellular leaflet, outside side. Hydrophobic side faces inside |
| how is asymmetry achieved? | Based on lipid composition, as well as where the carbohydrates are attached. Carbohydrate attaches to polar head and protrudes into extracellular environment |
| What are the functional classes of membrane proteins? | Membrane Transport, selective permeability |
| What are the different ways a protein can associate with the membrane? | transmembrane (goes through both layers), monolayer-associated (only goes through one layer), lipid linked, protein attached |
| What are the ways to restrict lateral diffusion of proteins in membranes? | Cell cortex (inside), extracellular matrix (outside), proteins of adjacent cells (two cells proteins connecting), Diffusion barriers (tight junctions), lipid rafts (groups of lipids that float together as a unit on the membrane) |
| Ways substance cross the plasma membrane? | movement of a substance from a region where it's concentration is high to a region where its concentration is low |
| Diffusion | movement of a substance from a region where it's concentration is high to a region where its concentration is low |
| Facilitated Diffusion | movement of a substance from a region where its concentration is high to a region where its concentration is low through a passageway provided by a transport protein |
| Active transport | movement of a substance from a region where its concentration is low to a region where its concentration is high with the aid of a transport protein and a source of energy. |
| Osmosis | Diffusion of water, DO cross membrane via diffusion but SLOWLY because water is polar |
| Effect of isotonic solution on cells | Solute concentrations on both sides of the plasma are equal, doesn't effect the cell |
| Effect of hypertonic solution on cells | Causes water within the cell to move outwards, makes cell expand |
| Effect of hypotonic solution on cells | Causes water within the cell to move inwards, cell shrinks |
| Endocytosis | The process in which the plasma membrane invaginates (folds) inward to form a vesicle that brings substances into the cell |
| Exocytosis | The process in which material inside a cell is packaged into vesicles and excreted into the extracellular medium |
| Channels | Form pores across bilayer where specific solutes can passively diffuse |
| Transporters | Bind specifically to their particular solutes and shift them from one side to other by significantly changing shape |
| Intergral membrane proteins: | fully or partially traverse the membrane |
| Peripheral membrane proteins: | associate indirectly with bilayer via non covalent interactions with other membrane proteins |
| Lipid rafts | small micro domains enriched in specific lipids that decrease membrane fluidity, serve as concentrating platforms for membrane proteins involved in cell signaling cell movement and endocytosis |
| stage 1 of life | Nucleotides and amino acids were produced first |
| stage 2 of life | Nucleotides became polymerized to form RNA and/or DNA, amino acids polymerized to form proteins |
| stage 3 of life | Polymers became enclosed in membranes |
| Stage 4 of life | Polymers enclosed in membranes acquired the properties of living cells |
| Biologically important types of energy | Kinetic & potential energy |
| Exergonic Reaction | Generates/releases energy, ex: Cellular Respiration |
| Endergonic Reaction | Requires energy input, ex: Photosynthesis |
| Glycolosis | Breaks down 1 glucose into 2 pyruvate, occurs in cytoplasm |
| Breakdown of Pyruvate | Pyruvate is moved from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria, pyruvate = acetyl CoA via oxidation |
| Krebs cycle | Occurs within the mitochondrial matrix of eukaryotic cells, cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells, 1 ATP per pyruvate |
| Electron transport chain | Found in inner mitochondrial membrane (eukaryotes), cell membrane for prokaryotes |
| Aerobic conditions | Oxygen & Glucose= ATP, Oxygen is present |
| Anaerobic conditions | Glucose= ATP, NO oxygen |
| Adherens Junctions | Connects cells to each other via cadherins. bind to actin filaments. |
| Desmosomes | Connects cells to each other via cadherins, binds to intermediate filaments. |
| Hemidesmosomes | Connects an animal cell to the extracellular matrix via integrins, Interacts with intermediate filaments |
| Focal Adhesions | Connects cells to the extracellular matrix via integrins, binds to actin filaments |
| Cytosol | Central coordinating region for metabolic activities of eukaryotic cells |
| Cytoskeleton | Network of three protein filaments - microbes, intermediate filaments, actin filaments |
| Nuclear Envelope | Provides passageways |
| Rough Endoplasmic reticulum | Studded with ribosomes, involved in protein synthesis and sorting |
| Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum | Lacks ribosomes, detoxification, carb metabolism, calcium balance, synthesis, lipid modification |
| Golgi apparatus | Secretion, processing, and protein sorting |
| Lysosomes | performs hydrolysis |
| Laws of thermodynamics | 1. Energy cannot be created or destroyed 2. For spontaneous process, entropy of universe increases |
| Activation energy | The minimum energy required for a reaction site to occur |
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