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AP BIO ch 2-5 test
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| sulfhydryl group, compounds, functions, example | functional group- SH compounds: Thiols ex: amino acid cysteine function- strong covalent bonds/cross linking groups called disulfide bridges stabilizes protein structure can help maintain hair structure increased polarity, Greactivity, solubility |
| Carboxyl group, compounds, functions, example | functional group- COOH compounds: carboxylic acids/organic acids ex: citric acid function- increased reactivity, solubility, reactivity acts as an acid/Lowers pH/can donate H+ negative charge found in cells in ionized form |
| Phosphate group, compounds, functions, example | functional group:PO4 (2O-. O. double O) compounds: organic phosphates (ATP) functions- reacts with water which releases energy, contributes neg charge to molecule, inc polarity, reactivity, solubility, transfers energy from 1 molecule to another |
| Amine group, compounds, functions, example | functional group-: NH2, ex: methylamine compounds=amines functions-: acts as base/increases pH, takes in H+ from surrounding solution found in cells in ionized form increased reactivity, polarity, solubility |
| Carbonyl group, compounds, function, example | functional group -H, double bond O (acetone) compounds, ketone/aldehyde, structural isomers, diff properties ald- on end of molecule, ket- mid of molecule both are found in sugars, influence ring structure, increase solubility, reactivity, polarity |
| Methyl group, compounds, function, example | functional group: H3 compounds- methylated compounds (methanol) functions: non polar, effects gene expression, effects shape/function of sex hormones |
| hydroxyl group, compounds, function, example | functional group, OH compounds: alcohols, ex- ethanol functions: increases solubility, reactivity, polarity helps dissolve organic compounds, found in alcohols |
| solute | substance that is dissolved |
| solvent | dissolving agent |
| receptor proteins | allow certain molecules to bind (to signaling molecules) and cause/trigger a reaction in a cell. |
| RNA | makes proteins, is a chain ribose sugars |
| DNA | stores hereditary information for making proteins and RNA double helix/antiparallel 2 identical copies of each deoxyribose |
| cellulose (type, function) | type of polysaccharide- structural support in plants and component of cell wall. We can't break this down, found in fresh fruits/vegetables/whole grains |
| chitin (type, function) | type of polysaccharide -structural support in arthropods and cell wall material in fungi (exoskeletons/crustaceans) |
| hormonal proteins | coordination of an organism's activities insulin regulates blood sugar |
| lipids (2 basic structural components, bonds, ratio, ex) | diverse group of hydrophobic molecules glycerol/fatty acid chains example: fats/oils all non polar/mix poorly with water if at all C:H:O-1:2:very little form ester linkages/bonds |
| Carbs (ratio, purpose, example) | sugars/polymer of sugars fuel/building materials C:H:O 1:2:1 example- starch |
| nucleotide (3 components, elements) | monomer of nucleic acids nitrogen containing base, 5 carbon sugar, one or more phosphate groups elements: CHNOP |
| glycogen (type, function) | type of polysaccharide- energy storage In animals (liver/muscle) |
| amino acids (elements, function, commonalities) | 20 different ones (r groups) usually CHNO all have an NH2 terminus and a COOH terminus end |
| hormones in cells | chemical communication within multicellular organisms (sex hormones) |
| starch | type of polysaccharide- energy storage in plants, enables plants to store surplus glucose |
| steroids: cholesterol | lipid- temp buffer in cell membranes, helps maintain fluidity |
| transport proteins | transports molecules across cell membranes. hemoglobin in RBC that carries O2 or "doorways" through the cell membrane to allow big molecules through. |
| nucleic acids (elements/ def/ bonds) | transmit and help express hereditary info (DNA and RNA) CHNOP form phosphodiester linkages |
| primary protein structure | linear sequence of amino acids determines how protein will fold/ its function peptide bonds |
| secondary protein structure | hydrogen bonds between amino acids form alpha helices and beta sheets |
| tertiary protein structure | folds into a compact globular shape with carbon amino acids away from the water (disulfide, hydrogen, ionic, van Der waals forces).interactions between amino acids |
| quaternary protein structure | interactions between 2 or more polypeptide chains, can come together to form a functional molecule (van Der Waals, hydrogen, ionic, disulfide) |
| intramolecular vs intermolecular | intra in one molecules inter between 2 molecules |
| isotopes | different atomic forms of the same element, differ in neutrons |
| cohesion | when water molecules link together by hydrogen bonds (helps transport water against gravity in plants) |
| adhesion | when water molecules link to cell walls by hydrogen bonds (helps counter the downward pull of gravity) |
| Staley millers experiment | a closed system meant to mimic conditions of the early earth found that organic molecules may have been synthesizes abiotically on the early earth |
| buffer | substance that minimizes changes in pH |
| structural isomer | differ in arrangement of their atoms |
| geometric isomer | differ in spacial arrangement due to inflexibility of double bonds |
| enantiomer isomeer | mirror images of each other |
| dehydration synthesis | the forming of bonds through the release of a water molecule each molecules contributes part of the water molecules |
| hydrolysis | the breaking of bonds through the addition of water |
| Monosaccharides examples | glucose, fructose, galactose |
| Disaccharides examples | sucrose maltose lactose |
| polysaccharides examples | starch, cellulose, glycogen, chitin |
| chaperonin | keep new polypeptides segregated from bad influences in an environment when it holds spontaneously. |
| ionic bonds | electrons are given or taken |
| what does it mean when water dissociates | when a H atom in a hydrogen bond between 2 water molecules shifts from one atom to the other leaving its electron behind. |
| evaporative cooling | liquids, primarily water from sweat or panting, turn into vapor, absorbing heat from the body and lowering its temperature, |
| van Der Waals forces | weak, temporary attractions between molecules, crucial for holding together nonpolar parts of biomolecules (hydrophobic interactions) allowing geckos to climb, weaker than hydrogen bonds or covalent bonds. |
| non polar vs polar | polar- uneven distribution of charge (one molecule is more electronegative) non polar- even distribution of charge |
Created by:
Lilyhowes