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Bio unit 1 (2-5)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| sulfhydryl group, functions, example | group- SH ex: amino acid cysteine function- forms disulfide bridges (protein structure) |
| Carboxyl group, functions | group- COOH acidic, donates H+ |
| Phosphate group, functions, | l group:PO4 neg charge, energy (ATP) |
| Amine group, functions | group-: NH2, basic, accepts H+ |
| Carbonyl group, function, | group C=O ketone vs aldehyde ald- end, ket- mid found in sugars |
| Methyl group, function | functional group: CH3 effects gene expression, |
| hydroxyl group, function, | functional group, OH polar alcohols |
| solute vs solvent | solute - dissolved solvent- dissolves it |
| receptor proteins | allow certain molecules to bind (to signaling molecules) and cause/trigger a reaction in a cell. |
| RNA | protein synthesis single stranded ribose sugars |
| DNA | stores hereditary information for making proteins and RNA double helix/antiparallel 2 identical copies of each deoxyribose |
| cellulose (type, function) | type of polysaccharide- structural support in plants humans can't digest |
| chitin (type, function) | type of polysaccharide -structural support in fungi/ exoskeletons |
| hormonal proteins | used for signaling ex- insulin regulates blood sugar |
| lipids | hydrophobic molecules made of glycerol/fatty acids used for long term energy, insulation, cell membranes form ester linkages/bonds |
| Carbs | sugars/polymer of sugars used for quick energy, energy storage and structural support |
| nucleotide (3 components, elements) | monomer of nucleic acids nitrogen containing base, 5 carbon sugar, one or more phosphate groups |
| glycogen | type of polysaccharide- energy storage In animals |
| amino acids and their features | building blocks of proteins consist of a central carbon, amino acid, carboxyl group, hydrogen and variable R group formed by peptide bonds via dehydration synthesis |
| starch | type of polysaccharide- energy storage in plants |
| steroids: cholesterol | lipid- membrane fluidity |
| transport proteins | transports molecules across cell membranes. |
| nucleic acids (elements/ def/ bonds) | transmit and help express hereditary info (DNA and RNA) CHNOP form phosphodiester linkages |
| primary protein structure | linear sequence of amino acids determines how protein will fold/ its function peptide bonds |
| secondary protein structure | hydrogen bonds between amino acids form alpha helices and beta sheets |
| tertiary protein structure | folds into a compact globular shape with carbon amino acids away from the water (disulfide, hydrogen, ionic, van Der waals forces).interactions between amino acids |
| quaternary protein structure | interactions between 2 or more polypeptide chains, can come together to form a functional molecule (van Der Waals, hydrogen, ionic, disulfide) |
| intramolecular vs intermolecular | intra within a molecule inter between 2 molecules |
| isotopes | different atomic forms of the same element, differ in neutrons |
| cohesion | when water molecules link together by hydrogen bonds (helps transport water against gravity in plants) |
| adhesion | when water molecules link to cell walls by hydrogen bonds (helps counter the downward pull of gravity) |
| Staley millers experiment | found that organic molecules like amino acids can form from inorganic substances under early earth conditions. |
| buffer | substance that minimizes changes in pH |
| structural isomer | differ in arrangement of their atoms |
| geometric isomer | differ in spacial arrangement due to inflexibility of double bonds |
| enantiomer isomeer | mirror images of each other |
| dehydration synthesis | the forming of bonds through the release of a water molecule each molecules contributes part of the water molecules |
| hydrolysis | the breaking of bonds through the addition of water |
| Monosaccharides examples | glucose, fructose, galactose |
| Disaccharides examples | sucrose maltose lactose |
| polysaccharides examples | starch, cellulose, glycogen, chitin |
| chaperonin | keeps new polypeptides segregated from bad influences in an environment when it holds spontaneously. |
| ionic bonds | electrons are given or taken |
| evaporative cooling | liquids, primarily water from sweat or panting, turn into vapor, absorbing heat from the body and lowering its temperature, |
| van Der Waals forces | weak, temporary attractions between molecules, crucial for holding together nonpolar parts of biomolecules (hydrophobic interactions) allowing geckos to climb, weaker than hydrogen bonds or covalent bonds. |
| non polar vs polar | polar- uneven distribution of charge (one molecule is more electronegative) non polar- even distribution of charge |
| whys water polar | unequal sharing of electrons creates partial charges |
| why is water the universal solvent | it surrounds and separates ions/polar molecules |
| why does water have a high heat capacity | hydrogen bonds absorb heat before breaking so temp changes slowly |
| what's a hydrogen bond | weak attraction between partial charges |
| covalent bond | bond where atoms share electrons |
| 4 marcomolecules | carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids |
| saturated vs unsaturated fats | sat- no double bonds, straight, solid unsat- double bonds, bent, liquid |
Created by:
Lilyhowes