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Bio U1,KA2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Proteome | entire set of proteins expressed by a genome |
| What do internal membranes increase | Total area of membrane |
| Golgi apparatus | series of flattened membrane discs |
| Lysosomes | membrane - bound organelles containing a variety of hydrolases that digest proteins, lipids, nucleic acids and carbohydrates |
| Where are lipids synthesised | smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) and inserted into its membrane |
| Cytosolic ribosomes | The synthesis of all proteins begins in cytosolic ribosomes The synthesis of cytosolic proteins is completed there, and these proteins remain in the cytosol |
| Transmembrane proteins purpose | carry a signal sequence, which halts translation and directs the ribosome synthesising the protein to dock with the ER, forming RER |
| What happens after proteins reach the ER | they are transported by vesicles that bud off from the ER and fuse with the Golgi apparatus |
| What happens to the proteins as they move through the golgi apparatus | undergo post -translational modification The addition of carbohydrate groups is the major modification |
| What happens to vesicles that leave the golgi apparatus | take proteins to the plasma membrane and lysosomes |
| Tertiary | groups: hydrophobic interactions; ionic bonds; London dispersion forces; hydrogen bonds; disulfide bridges |
| Quaternary | in proteins with two or m ore connected polypeptide subunits |
| Prosthetic group | a non - protein unit tightly bound to a protein and necessary for its function |
| How can interactions of the R groups be influenced | Temperature and pH |
| Ligand | A substance which can bind to a protein |
| What do R groups not involved in folding allow | binding to ligands |
| What happens when a ligand binds to a protein | The conformation of the protein changes, and so does the function |
| Where do allosteric interaction occur | spatially distinct sites |
| What do modulators do | regulate the activity of the enzyme when they bind to the allosteric site |
| What happens after a modulator binds | the conformation of the enzyme changes and this alters the affinity of the active site for the substrate |
| How is co-operativity shown | release of oxygen in haemoglobin |
| What do protein kinases do | catalyse the transfer of a phosphate group to other proteins |
| What does this help regulate | Activity of cells and proteins |
| Secretory pathway | -Proteins enter the lumen -Proteins transported to golgi apparatus -Proteins move through golgi apparatus -Post translation modifications may occur (addition of carbs is main modification) -Packaged into secretory vesicles |
| Secretory pathway pt2 | -Secretory vesicles fuse with plasma membrane |
Created by:
LCRV