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Science
Materials
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Organic | contains carbon (sugar, DNA, gasoline) |
| Inorganic | usually don't have carbon (Table salt, quartz, carbon dioxide) |
| crude oil | Crude oil is organic, formed by ancient plant and animal remains they decay of high heat a pressure. |
| fractional distillation | separation of different mixtures through there boiling point. |
| combustion | Process of burning, a high temperature, rapid chemical reaction between a fuel and an oxidant (usually oxygen) that produces heat and light |
| incomplete combustion | A chemical reaction in which fuel bruns with an insufficient supply of oxygen, producing water, and either carbon monoxide, soot or both, instead of fully oxidizing to carbon dioxide and water |
| complete combustion | A chemical reaction where a fuel burns with a plentiful supply of oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water as the only byproducts. |
| Name of chain hydrocarbons C1 | (Meth) ane =C1H4 |
| Name of chain hydrocarbons C2 | (Eth) ane = C2H6 |
| Name of chain hydrocarbons C3 | (Prop) ane = C3H8 |
| Name of chain hydrocarbons C4 | (But) ane = C4H10 |
| Name of chain hydrocarbons C5 | (Pent) ane = C5H12 |
| Name of chain hydrocarbons C6 | (Hex) ane = C6H14 |
| Name of chain hydrocarbons C7 | (Hept) ane = C7H16 |
| Name of chain hydrocarbons C8 | (Oct) ane = C8H18 |
| Finite | Minerals and other natural resources are finite because they are non-renewable, meaning they form over geological timescales far too long doer a human lifetimes and are consumed much faster than they are naturally replenished |
| Atomic structure | Atom that consists of three main particles |
| What are the three main particles of an atom (atomic structure) | Proton (positively charged, found in the nucleus) Neutrons (neutral, found in the nucleus) Electrons (negatively charged, orbit the nucleus in the energy levels or shells) |
| Atomic number | Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom Example Carbon has atomic numbe rof 6 = 6 protons and 6 electrons |
| Mass number | Total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus Calculation Mass number= number of protons+number or neutrons |
| Neutrons calculation | Mass number -atomic number |
| Example | An atom wiht atomic number 11 and mass number or 23 Protons = 11 Electrons = 11 Neutrons= 23 - 11=12 |
| Electron energy levels | 1st shell= up to 2 electrons 2nd shell = up to 8 electrons 3rd shell = up to 18 electrons |
| Drawing an atom | Identify the element = carbon mass number=12 atomic number = 6 neutrons =6 protons =6 Number inside the nucleus= 6/6 bc = 12 (mass number) Carbon 6 electrons=fill out shells until they are full and continue onto the next shell. |
| How elements are organised | Atomic number (elements are placed in the order of increasing atomic number) Rows =Periods (elements in the same period have the same number of electron shells) Columns = groups (Same number of electrons in outer shell and similar chemical properties) |
| Different groups | Group 1 = alkali metals ( very reactive metals) (left) Group 17 = Halogens ( reactive nonmetals) right Group 18 = Noble gases (inert gases like helium and neon) |
| Atomic radius gets smaller | Decreases ( left to right) Increases ( top to bottom) |
| Reactivity | Left = most right= less left = metals right=nonmetals |
| What are ions | Ions are atoms or molecules that have a net electric charge because they have gained or lost electrons Since electrons are negatively charged losing electrons = positive ions, gaining electrons = negative ions |
| Positive ion | Cations formed when an atom loses electrons Example: Sodium atom (Na) loses 1 electron = Na+ ion Calcium atom (Ca) loses 2 electrons = Ca 2+ ion |
| Negative ion | Anions Formed when an atom gains electrons Example: Chlorine atom (Cl) gains 1 electron = Cl- ion Oxygen atom (O) gains 2 electrons = O2- ion |
| Why do atoms form ions | To achieve a stable electron configuration Example: Sodium wants to lose one electron to have the stable configuration of neon. |
| Ion charges & period table | Group 1 elements = lose 1 electron = from +1 cations Group 2 elements = lose 2 electrons = form +2 cations Group 13 elements = lose 3 electrons = form +3 cations Group 17 element = gain 1 electron = form -1 anions Group 16 element = gain 2 electrons = |
| Atomic Mass | The mass of a singular atom, primarily determined by the number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus. |
| Element | A substance that cannot be broken down into a simpler substance by ordinary chemical means. |
| Functional group | O-H at the end Methanol (1 of the full structures) Ethanol (2 of the structures) Propanol (5 of the structures) |
| Carboxylic acids | 2 lines to an O from the carbon and O-H under. |
| Carbon atom | Methanoic acid = 1 carbon atom Ethanoic acid = 2 carbon atom Propanoic acid = 3 carbon atom Butanoic acid = 4 carbon atom |
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