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OCEAN test 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The magnetic pattern on the seafloor is.. | symmetrical about and parallel to mid-ocean ridges |
| The first voyage designed solely to collect oceanographic data was aboard the | HMS Challenger |
| the seafloor.. | . increases in age from the ridge outward |
| Which of the following led the first voyage that circumnavigated the world? | Magellan |
| Which important contribution did Benjamin Franklin make? | a. organized effort to produce accurate map of the Gulf Stream in 1770 |
| Which explorer sought to determine whether a continent existed near the North Pole? | Fridgjof Nansen |
| The primary evidence for the Big Bang is | galaxies moving away from a central point |
| Continental crust is primarily made of | granite |
| Oceanic crust is primarily made of | basalt |
| Which unique conditions appear to cause Earth to have oceans? | distance from the sun |
| Free oxygen first accumulated in our atmosphere in significant amounts about _______ million years ago. | 2000 |
| Differences in height between continental crust and oceanic crust are explained by | isostasy |
| Movement of particles as a P wave passes through can be best described as | compression and expansion in the direction of wave movement |
| Movement of particles as an S wave passes through can be best described as | shear motion perpendicular to the direction of wave movement |
| Which of the following can be found at convergent plate boundaries on the seafloor? | deep sea trenches |
| Transform faults are _________ while fracture zones are ____________. | seismically active; aseismic |
| Which of the following is characteristic of oceanic-oceanic convergent plate boundaries? | volcanic island arcs |
| Which of the following is characteristic of oceanic-continental convergent plate boundaries? | andesitic volcanoes |
| The gentlest slopes in the ocean can be found at the | abyssal plains |
| Characteristics of passive continental margins include all of the following except | deep-sea trench |
| Characteristics of active continental margins include all of the following except | broad continental shelf |
| Walking away from the shore toward the middle of the Atlantic Ocean, in what order would one find the following provinces? | shelf, slope, rise, abyssal plain |
| Shelf break marks the boundary between the ________ and the __________. | shelf; slope |
| Sediments which are poorly sorted and made of a variety of minerals might have been deposited by | a turbidity current |
| Which of the following is made of calcium carbonate? | foraminifera |
| Which of the following is made of silica? | diatoms |
| The most likely place to find abundant manganese nodules is | an abyssal plain far from a continent |
| Sediments derived from preexisting rocks are called | lithogenous |
| Sediments produced by plants and animals in the sea are called | biogenous |
| Sediments produced as a result of chemical reactions in seawater are called | hydrogenous |
| All of the following are terrestrial sediments except | diatom ooze |
| Biogenous sediments might be composed of all of the following except | red clay |
| The Pacific Ocean is twice as large as | the Atlantic ocean |
| all oceans are connected in the __________, but not in the _________. | Southern Hemisphere, not in the Northern Hemisphere |
| latitude | function of geometry |
| longitude | function of time |
| the Challenger Expedition | first major government-funded cruise; sampled all oceans, shallow to deep |
| Alfred Wegner and Continental Drift | Early 1900's, based on observations of similarity of fossils and continent fits; laughed at by his colleagues |
| WWII provides the push for.. | oceanographic research in the US |
| When were hydrothermal vents discovered? | 1977- fissure in a planet's surface from which geothermally heated water issues. Hydrothermal vents are commonly found near volcanically active places, areas where tectonic plates are moving apart, ocean basins, and hotspots. |
| deep sea drilling program | has drilled cores from all over the ocean basins and margins |
| use of satellites | started in 1978; provide wide coverage over short time intervals; expensive |
| scientific method | Observations to Hypotheses to Testing to Theory |
| Earth is about.. | 4.6 billion years old, early life appearance- 3 billion years ago |
| free atmospheric oxygen | present at about 2 billion years ago - after chemical demand for oxidation had slowed consideerably |
| earliest humans appear | about 5 million years ago |
| Radioactive isotope age dating | parent daughter ratios |
| half-life | the time for half of the parent to decay to form daughter - ration of P/D is 1/1 after 1 half life, 1/3 after two half lives etc. |
| earth is.. | third planet from the sun - conditions are not too hot, not too cold |
| composition of the oceans | has changed little over the last 600 million years |
| cause of and role of mass extinctions | impact of extraterrestrial object cause massive local destruction, but also have global effects by blocking out the sun with debris ejected into the atmosphere, causing the death of plants, leading to the deaths of higher levels in the food webs |
| mantle | inner core of Earth |
| crust | outer core of Earth |
| Astenosphere | structure of Earth-capable of plastic flow |
| lithosphere | rigid and composed of continental crust (granite) and oceanic crust (basalt) |
| Density of oceananic and continental crust.. | Oceanaic slightly denser than continental; Density is in gms per cubic centimeter |
| P waves | are compressional, oscillation is in same direction as movement; travel through solids and liquids |
| S waves | (shear waves), oscillation is at right angle to direction of movement; travel through solids only |
| isostasy | Lighter material "floats" on heavier material; height above and below depends on thickness - think of an ice cube in a glass of water |
| continental drift | early evidence, Similarity of fossils, Fit of Continents, Similarities of old rock formations |
| Earth's magnetic field | Magnetic reversals - happens often in earths' history, Symmetry of magnetic reversals along mid-ocean ridges |
| Symmetry of age of seafloor | along mid-ocean ridges |
| major lithospheric plates | Nazca and South American plates |
| rates of plate movement on Earth | 2-10 cm/year; about the growth rate of fingernails |
| Earthquake epicenters | along converging plates and diverging plate boudaries |
| hot spots | where volcanoes errupt; plate moves over hot spots, volcanoes can form islands - Hawaiian Islands |
| Formation of an ocean basin | Atlantic ocean,Rifting of continents apart, formation of ocean which gets larger and seafloor spreads |
| transform faults | are sections between spreading center offsets and are seismically active |
| fracture zones | are further out where the seafloor is fused and seismically inactive |
| convection cells | upwelling of molten material, vulcanism, lateral spreading, subduction |
| hypsographic curve | 71% or earths' suface is ocean, average depth 4000 meters |
| Continental shelf | slope of about 0.1 degrees |
| continental slope | slope of about 4 degrees |
| continental rise | slope of about 1 degree |
| deep-sea floor | very flat, slope of less than 0.1 degrees |
| sediments cover most.. | irregular topography |
| submarine canyons | cuts along the shelf edge that can be extensions of rivers that were cut at lower stands of sea level |
| turbidity currents | undersea landslides, can reach speeds over 50 knots (1 knot = 1 nautical mile per hour) |
| turbidities | deposits that are left by settling of turbidity currents and are layered |
| active continental shelves | Generally narrow and can have irregular topography |
| seamounts | undersea volcanoes; relatively steep-sided, pointed summits |
| tablemounts | undersea volcanoes that were, at one time, above sea level and have been eroded on top so that they are flat on the top |
| four basic types of Marine sediments | 1. Land-derived 2. Biological 3. Chemical 4. Extraterrestrial |
| land-derived marine sediment | Particle size and settling rate - smaller particles settle more slowly than large particles; Surface area to volume is greater for small particles, so frictional forces become more important |
| Major Transport Mechanisms | rivers, glaciers, wind-blown dust |
| major rivers | 1. Hwang-Ho 2. Ganges 7. Mississippi |
| Flocculation of small-sized particles | clay particles have electrostatic charges which causes them to clump together is saltwater (which conducts electricity) |
| glaciated continental shelves | irregular topography, can have large size rocks etc carried out by icebergs |
| thickness of land-derived sediments | thickest on cont. slopes and rises, then cont shelves and thinnest on abyssal plains |
| biological sediments | Coccolithophores - carbonate "skeletons" Foraminifera - carbonate "skeletons" Diatoms - "skeletons" silicate; can be found everywhere, but more in areas of high biological productivity |
| Carbonate compensation depth | the deep ocean is undersaturated with respect to carbonate, so those sediments will slowly dissolve in the deep-sea; |
| chemical sediments | Manganese nodules - formed by chamical reactions at the sediment - ocean interface;mostly found in the deep ocean basins |
| extraterrestrial sediments | Microtektites - glass spherules;found everywhere, but are very, very minor |
| land-derived sediments | sediemts about 1 meter per 1,000 years |
| biological sediments | about .01 meters per 1,000 years (1 centimer/1,000 years) |
| abyssal plain sediments | about .001 meters per 1,000 years (1millimeter per 1,000 years) |
| wave refraction | wave bends as it approaches shallower water And breaks "more or less" parallel to the shoreline |
| Longshore current | an ocean current that moves parallel to shore. It is caused by swells sweeping into the shoreline at an angle and pushing water down the length of the beach in one direction. |
| longshore transport | Movement of material along a beach. When a wave breaks at an angle to the beach, pebbles are carried up the beach in the direction of the wave (swash). The wave returns to the sea at right angles to the beach (backwash) because that is the steepest gradie |
| sediment cells | start with source (rivers) and end with sinks (submarine canyons) |
| sediment budgets | sources and sinks |
Created by:
stephparnell