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HBS #3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Consists of a layer of spongy bone between two thin layers of compact bone. They have marrow but no marrow cavity. | Flat bones |
| Consists of a shaft and two ends and is longer than it is wide. It consists of a thick outside layer with a marrow-filled cavity. The ends of the bone contain spongy bone. | Long bones |
| Consists of thin layers of spongy bone surrounded by compact bone and do not fit any of the previous bone descriptions. | Irregular bones |
| Roughly a cube shape with vertical and horizontal dimensions being approximately equal. They consist of mostly spongy bone. The outside surface is a thin layer of compact bone. | Short bones |
| A solid and hard bone that makes up the outer layer of all bones and the shafts of long bones | Compact bone |
| A porous bone found in animals containing red bone marrow | Spongy bone |
| What are the main functions of the human skeletal system? | Supports the body; protects soft organs; allow movement due to attached skeletal muscles; store minerals and fats; blood cells formation. |
| What is the difference between the axial and appendicular skeleton? | The axial is none moving parts of the skeletal system and includes the skull, vertebral column, coccyx and sacrum, and rib cage. The appendicular is the moving parts for the skeletal system and includes shoulder blades, collarbone, arms, pelvis, and legs. |
| What is the difference between a male and female pelvis? | The female inlet is larger and more circular, it is shallower and the bones are lighter and thinner, the ilia flare is more lateral, sacrum is shorter and less curved, the ischial spines are shorter and farther apart and the female pubic is more rounded. |
| What is the difference between true, floating, and false ribs and parts of the sternum? | True ribs (pairs 1-7) are the ribs that directly from a joint with the sternum, false ribs (pairs 8-12) are the lower five pairs that do not connect directly with the sternum, floating ribs are ribs 11-12 and they have no anterior connection with sternum |
| What is happening with Lordosis, Kyhosis, and Scoliosis? | Lordosis is an inward curvature of spine, typically in the lower back or neck, Kyhosis is an excessive foward rounding for the upper back (hunchback), scoliosis is when the spine develops an abnormal sideways curvature (S or C shape). |
| What are the 5 sections of the vertebral column? | Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, and coccyx. |
| How many cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae do we have? | 7 cervical vertebrae, 12 vertebrae, and 5 lumbar vertebrae. |
| Where are red blood cells made? | In bone marrow. |
| Know all the parts of the compact bone and spongy bone. | Note card :) |
| What are the six parts of the compact bone? | Lamellae, osteon, lacuna (osteocyte), canaliculus, and central canal. |
| What are the two parts of the spongy bone? | Bone marrow and bone trabeculae. |
| List and label the eight parts of the skull. | Occipital, paretial, frontal, sphenoid, temporal, mandible, maxilla, and zygomatic. |
| What is the purpose of fontanelles? | They are fibrous membranes connecting the cranial bones. They allow skull compression during birth and allow the brain to grow during later pregnancy and infancy. |
| What are three main types of cartilage found in the human body and their location? | Hyaline cartilage, found in the larynx and entire fetal skeleton prior to birth. Elastic cartilage, found in the external ear. Fibrocartilage, forms cushion-like discs between vertebrae. |
| What are the major parts of a long bone? Label them. | Spongy bone, proximal epiphysis, diaphysis, distal epiphysis, articular cartilage, epiphyseal line, periosteum. Look at note card for labeling. |
| What is a comminuted fracture? | A bone fracture where the bone breaks into multiple pieces. |
| What is a depressed fracture? | A bone fracture in the skull that pushes bone fragments inward toward the brain. |
| What is an impacted fracture? | A fracture that occurs when the broken ends of bones are jammed together by the force of an injury. |
| What is a spiral fracture? | A fracture that occurs when a bone is broken with a twisting motion. |
| What is a greenstick fracture? | A fracture that occurs almost always in children and one side of the bone bends and cracks, while the other side remains intact. |
| What is an oblique fracture? | A fracture that results in a complete breakage of a bone at an angle, usually a diagonal break. |
| What is a transverese fracture? | A fracture that runs horizontally perpendicular to the bone. |
| What is the difference between an open and closed fracture? | With open fractures the broken end of the bone protrudes through the skin, whereas closed fractures don't involve a break in the skin. |
| What is an osteoblast? | A bone forming cell. |
| What is an osteoclast? | A cell that breaks down bone. |
| What are the four stages of fracture healing? | Hematoma Formation, Fibrocartilage callus formation, bony callus formation, bone remodeling. |
| What is hematoma formation? | Blood vessels that are ruptured during the break swell to form a mass called a hematoma. Form between broken bones. This clotting reduces the blood supply to many of the cells in the area of injury and the cells die. |
| What is fibrocartilage callus formation? | New capillaries begin to form into the clotted blood in the damaged area. Connective tissues cells forma mass of repair tissue called a fibrocartilage callus. The combined mass closed the gap between the broken bones. |
| What is bony callus formation? | The fibrocartilage callus is gradually replaced by one made of spongy bone. This new mass is called bony callus. Osteoclasts and osteoblasts move into the area and multiply. |
| What is bone remodeling? | The callus is remodeled with the help of the osteoclasts and osteoblasts. The shape of the bones will gradually return to normal, and there will be little evidence of the fracture. |
| What is the anatomy of the femur? | Note card. |
| Why is it bad to have a fracture in the intra-articular area. | It causes cartilage damages which takes more time to heal and has less efficient healing. |
| What is plating and nailing a fracture? | Plating a fracture is when a metal plate is connected to the bone and screws are put in place to keep the plate in place. Nailing is when a metal rod is inserted into the center of a body and nails are screwed in to keep the rod in place. |
| What are x-rays and when are they used? | They are a type of radiation that uses electromagnetic waves. They are used to look at bones and joints in the body. |
| What are MRIs and when are they used? | They are a medical imaging technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to take pictures. They are used to look at soft tissue inside the body. |
| What are CT scans and when are they used? | They use a combination of X-rays and computer technology to produce images of the inside of the body. They are used in emergency situations to get a fast picture of soft tissue. |
| What are the advantages and disadvantages of MRIs? | MRIs create very clear images but it takes a while for them to process. |
| What are the advantages and disadvantages of CT scans? | CT scans are used during emergencies in order to get a fast scan of soft tissue, but they aren't as clear as MRIs. |
| What are ultrasounds and when are they used? | Create images of internal body structures and they have pulses echo off tissues. The pulses record and display images. Ultrasounds are one of the few diagnostic imaging techniques that capture motion. |
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