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Bio Test Fall 26
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the order of an action potential through a neuron? | DCBA dendrites to cell body to axon |
| What do the dendrites do? | they are receptors - they receive the message from the presynaptic neuron |
| What do the terminal buttons of the axon do? | they send the message to the postsynaptic neuron; they hold, send, and reuptake neurotransmitters |
| What part of the neuron releases neurotransmitter? | terminal buttons/branches of the axon |
| What part of the neuron does reuptake on neurotransmitter? | terminal buttons/branches of the axon |
| What part of the neuron does the neurotransmitter bond to and then open? | dendrites/receptors |
| What is the function of myelin sheath? | insulates the axon to speed up the neural impulse |
| How is an action potential different from a resting potential? | action potential = actually firing ; resting potential = ready to fire |
| What happens during the refractory period? What can't happen during the refractory period? | sending positively charged ions back out of the neuron; can't send a message until this is done |
| What is polarization of a neuron and during which stage does this occur? | when the inside of the cell is negatively charged relative to the outside (approx -70 millivolts); known as the resting potential. |
| What is depolarization of a neuron and during which stage does this occur? | the process where the neuron's cell membrane becomes less negative; occurs during the rising phase of the action potential. |
| What is repolarization of a neuron and during which stage does this occur? | when the neuron's membrane potential returns to its resting negative state; occurs during the refractory period. |
| What is the difference between an Excitatory and an Inhibitory Signal? | excitatory causes a neuron to fire ; inhibitory stops a neuron from firing |
| Where is the synapse? | where neurons meet up at the junction of terminals and dendrites |
| What is a neurotransmitter? | a chemical messenger that travels through the synaptic gap |
| What functions does Acetylcholine enable? What disorder(s) is it related to? | neurotransmitter dealing with movement and memory (related to Alzheimer's) |
| What functions does Dopamine enable? What disorder(s) is it related to? | neurotransmitter dealing with movement, attention, and emotion (related to schizophrenia and Parkinson's) |
| What functions does Serotonin enable? What disorder(s) is it related to? | neurotransmitter dealing with mood, hunger, and sleep (related to depression) |
| What does Norepinephrine do for you? | neurotransmitter dealing with alertness (related to depression) |
| What does GABA do for you? | inhibitory neurotransmitter dealing with calmness (related to anxiety, seizures, tremors, and insomnia) |
| What does Glutamine do for you? | neurotransmitter dealing with memory (related to migraines and seizures) |
| What do Endorphins do for you? | neurotransmitter that decreases pain and improves mood |
| What is the difference between an agonist and an antagonist? | an agonist acts like an excitatory neurotransmitter and causes a neuron to fire and an antagonist acts like an inhibitory neurotransmitter and stops a neuron from firing |
| How do you know if someone is experiencing increased tolerance to a drug? | Need more to achieve same high |
| What are the symptoms of withdrawal? | Shaking, headache, nausea |
| Give two examples of depressants. | Alcohol + barbiturates |
| How does alcohol produce reduced inhibition? | It amplifies GABA's calming effect, which makes neurons less likely to fire. It disproportionately impacts the prefrontal cortex, impairing a person's ability to think clearly, make sound judgments, and control impulsive behaviors. |
| How are Barbiturates and Opiates different? | Barbiturates - sedative Opiates - euphoria |
| Give two examples of Stimulants. | caffeine + nicotine + cocaine |
| Give two examples of Hallucinogens. | LSD + PCP |
| What is the name of the body system that is responsible for sending and receiving sensory and motor signals? | the nervous system |
| What's the difference between Sensory Neurons (afferent) and Motor Neurons (efferent)? | Sensory Neurons (afferent) carry info to the brain and Motor Neurons (efferent) carry info out of the brain |
| What two nervous systems are part of the peripheral nervous system? | The autonomic and the somatic nervous systems |
| What nervous system are the motor neurons part of? | The peripheral nervous system |
| What systems are part of the autonomic nervous system? | The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems |
| What's the difference between the Somatic Nervous System and the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)? | Somatic - voluntary movement / Autonomic - automatic body processes |
| What's the function of the Sympathetic Nervous System? | hype you up when danger appears (increase heart rate and respiration, decrease digestion, dilate pupils) |
| What's the function of the Parasympathetic Nervous System? | calm you down when danger is gone (decrease heart rate and respiration, increase digestion, constrict pupils) |
| What is the purpose of lesioning? | to explore damaged brain areas with specific behaviors |
| What is lesioning? | Damaging brain structure(s) through surgical removal, chemical injection, or electrical current |
| What is the function of the medulla? | heart rate and respiration |
| What is the function of the pons? | sleep, dreams, facial expressions |
| What is the function of the thalamus? | senses sensory information to the right part of the cerebral cortex for processing |
| What is the function of the reticular formation? | alertness and arousal |
| What is the function of the cerebellum? | muscle coordinations, implicit memory, balance |
| What is the function of the amygdala? | fear/anger |
| What is the function of the hypothalamus? | controls endocrine system |
| What is the function of the hippocampus? | processes explicit memories |
| What is the function of the glial cells? | clean up and care for neurons |
| What is the function of the frontal lobe? | selective attention, voluntary movement, speech production, decision-making |
| How were the changes in Phineas Gage's behavior related to his frontal lobe? | he had less self-control |
| What is the function of the Motor Cortex? | voluntary movement |
| Which lobe is the motor cortex in? | frontal lobe |
| What is the function of the Parietal Lobe? | processes sense of pain and touch |
| What is the function of the Occipital Lobe? | processes vision |
| What is the function of the Temporal Lobe? | processes sound |
| Which area of the temporal lobe is responsible for understanding language? | Wernicke's Area |
| Which area of the frontal lobe is responsible for production of language? | Broca's Area |
| What is the function of the somatosensory Cortex? | processes sense of pain and touch |
| Which lobe is the somatosensory Cortex in? | Parietal Lobe |
| What is the function of association areas? | thinking, remembering, analyzing |
| What are the two types of aphasia? | Broca's and Wernicke's |
| At what age is your brain most plastic? | the younger you are |
| What is brain plasticity (neuroplasticity)? | the brain's ability to change, adapt, and reorganize itself through rewiring: to learn new skills, recover from injury, and compensate for lost function |
| What is the function of corpus callosum? | send messages between two hemispheres of cerebral cortex |
| How is a split brain patient different from a typical person? | don't have a corpus callosum |
| If a split brain person looks straight ahead and the word mom is flashed into his right visual field and the word dad is flashed into his left visual field, would the person say the saw mom or dad? Which hand would write dad? | say mom; dad with left hand |
| What are the special functions of the right hemisphere? | Intuition, spatial processing, and facial recognition |
| What are the special functions of the left hemisphere? | language and logic |
| Due to lateralization, in both a split-brained person and a person with a corpus callosum, sensory information from the left hand is processed where (name side and brain part)? | right sensory cortex in parietal lobe |
| Due to lateralization, in both a split-brained person and a person with a corpus callosum, the right hand is controlled by what brain part (name which side too)? | left motor cortex in frontal lobe |
| What is an operational definition? | A detailed description of how a variable will be measured in a research study |
| What is the nature vs nurture debate in psychology? | a long-standing controversy over whether human behavior is primarily determined by a person's genetics or their environment and experiences |
| Who is blind in a double blind study? | both the research participants and the researchers interacting with them are unaware of who is in the experimental group and who is in the control group |
| How is a case study different from naturalistic observation? | an in-depth investigation of a single person or group vs observing and recording behavior in a subject's natural environment without intervention |
| Why can't the results of a case study be generalized to the whole population? | it can't be generalized to the whole population because it focuses on a unique individual or small group, and that's not a representative sample |
| What is the difference between positive and negative correlation? | pos = a relationship where two variables increase or decrease together / neg = a relationship where one variable increases as the other decreases |
| Why does an experimental study need a control group? | a control group to serves as a baseline for comparison, allowing researchers to determine if the independent variable is truly responsible for any observed changes |
| What is the difference between the independent and dependent variables? | independent = the factor that is manipulated by the researcher / dependent = the factor that is measured to see if it's affected by the manipulation |
| Why is an experiment the only type of research study that can prove causation? | because it involves the manipulation of an independent variable and the random assignment of participants, allowing researchers to control for other factors and isolate the cause-and-effect relationship |
| What are the main symptoms of Schizophrenia? | disorganized thinking, delusions, hallucinations, lack of selective attention |
| How are delusions and hallucinations different? | delusions are false beliefs and hallucinations are sensory experiences without sensory stimulation |
| What does the Dopamine Overactivity Theory say about Schizophrenia? | the disorder is caused by having too much dopamine |
| How does selective attention relate to schizophrenia? | those with the disorder don’t do selective attention very well |
| What are some positive symptoms of schizophrenia? How about negative symptoms? | positive symptoms are things added due to schizophrenia like delusions and hallucinations / negative symptoms are things subtracted due to schizophrenia like lack of selective attention |
| Is schizophrenia more strongly influenced by nature or by nurture? | nature (very strong likelihood that other identical twin will have if one has it) |
| What is Biomedical therapy? | therapy intended to change brain chemicals or structures (often drug therapy) |
| What category of drugs help a person with schizophrenia? | antipsychotics |
| What are the side effects of Antipsychotic drugs? | can make dopamine too low and cause muscle spasms or shakiness |
| What neurotransmitter do Antipsychotic drugs affect? | dopamine |
| What is Tardive Dyskinesia? What drugs are associated with it? Why does that drug cause this? | antipsychotics; can make dopamine too low |
| How do Antianxiety Drugs like Xanax and Ativan work? | increase gaba |
| What is an SSRI? | selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor |
| What disorder does Lithium work on? | bipolar |
Created by:
lcurty100