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AP WORLD PERIOD I
1200-1450 CE
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Confucianism | The most significant cultural belief in China. This focuses on proper living in the world, like showing filial piety and being under patriarchy |
| Filial Piety | Respecting people who are older than you, your grandfather is the most important person in the family and you should know your role |
| Patriarchy | This is a male dominated society, nearly all societies are patriarchal. |
| Civil Service Exam | This is a way to measure if someone is morally good enough to move up in social status and/or get a role in government, based in Confucianism |
| Daoism | This is another tradition/religion in China that emphasizes one's relationship with nature and a balance in all things, lower class citizens tend to prefer it |
| Mandate of Heaven | This is how governments justified their right to rule, they said have achieved the perfect Confucian values |
| Imperial Bureaucracy | This is a way for trusted advisors working under the emperor to rule the large area of China, if people scored well on the Civil Service Exam they could do this |
| Song Dynasty | The period of 960-1279 in China, it still utilized the Civil Service Exam and Confucianism beliefs |
| Nomadic Pastoralists | These are people living in Northern China w/o permanent settlements, they were war experts, they often threatened China for food, but this issue was handled using the tribute system |
| Tribute System | This is how China tried to get Nomads to not attack people in Northern China. They bribed them with gifts (silk, tea, etc) to not attack other Chinese citizens |
| Surplus | There was a surplus of food in China at this time due to Champa Rice, which could be harvested twice, therefore more people could focus on other occupations, increasing China's overall power |
| Porcelain, silk, textiles | These are the exports during the Song Dynasty that heavily increased the wealth of the dynasty |
| Artisan | Artisan labor was one of the main sources of money in the Song Dynasty such as textiles or other mass produced goods |
| Commercial Activity | This was the TRUE source of economy for the dynasty. Buying and selling goods to make a profit, shipping across the Grand Canal helped this a lot |
| Cultural Transfer | This could be seen the most in East and SE Asia, China often had elements of its culture (Civil Service Exam, Confucianism belief) to its neighboring countries, not by FORCE though, but by choice and proximity |
| Hinduism | This is the world's oldest religion, it is both polytheist and monotheist (one God with many faces). It has dharma and reincarnation as main elements and was upheld by a caste system |
| Caste System | Very strict hierarchy, in the case of Hinduism, there is no moving up or down the social ladder. You move up and down by getting reincarnated into a different caste |
| Reincarnation | After death, coming back as a different person. If you lived a good past life, you would be in a higher caste, if you lived a bad past life, then you would be in a lower caste |
| Dharma | This is your destiny or religious duty in Hinduism, you should not desire anything and you should only do things that your caste would do |
| Buddhism | This is a religion that rejected the caste system of Hinduism & taught social equality. It gained a following from people who rejected the caste system and it is a set of rules to follow, not truly God to follow |
| Mahayana Buddhism | This is a branch of Buddhism that is the largest and mostly in East Asia, Buddha is worshiped as a God, ironically not what was originally practiced |
| Theravada Buddhism | This is a smaller branch of Buddhism that follows Buddha's original message of him being a teacher & anyone is able to achieve enlightenment |
| Khmer Empire | Located in modern day Cambodia, this empire was ruled by a Hindu gov. then Buddhist gov. (syncretic), a lot of trade was done in the area and the new culture formed |
| Indian Ocean Sea Trade | Various kingdoms and empires in S and SE Asia had their power and economy grow due to this AND the increase in the trade of goods and quick travel from this region to East Africa |
| Silk Roads | This is the transport of goods from China to Europe, this is where a lot of luxury goods would be transported and it spread a lot of ideas and led to the start of banking |
| Lateen Sail | This is an Arab invention that allowed for people to utilize the wind to sail rather than just using the current, making travel much faster |
| Monotheism | This is the belief in only one God, this started in the Middle East with Judaism |
| Judaism | This is the first established monotheistic religion, it started in the Middle East. People who follow this religion believe that they are the chosen people by Yahweh an they follow the 10 Commandments |
| Christianity | This is another Monotheistic religion started in the Middle East, a Jewish man named Jesus preached equality for all making the religion appealing to slaves, the poor, and women. |
| Missionaries | These are people who spread the word of the religion they follow, this is seen the most with Christianity and Islam, this allowed for both religions to spread to the Roman Empire, and West Africa & The Middle East respectively |
| Quran | This is a long message that Muslims believe was told to Mohammed by God. This outlines the things Muslims should and should not do |
| Islam | This is another monotheistic religion founded in the Middle East, followers of this religion believe that a man named Mohammed is the final prophet. |
| Spread of Islam | This was spread by missionaries, mostly Sufi and this religion spread over trade routes, leading to be all over the Middle East, West Africa, Spain, etc. |
| Sunni Islam | This is a branch of Islam that ~90% of Muslims follow, they believe that anyone who is the most qualified can be the Dar al-Islam |
| Shia Islam | This is a branch of Islam that ~10% of Muslims follow, they believe that only people in the Prophet Mohammed bloodline should be the next Dar al-Islam |
| Sufi Islam | This is a branch of Islam that is scarcely followed. This branch doesn't explicitly follow the Quran and rather focus on "experiencing God", they are also the group that spread Islam the most along trade routes |
| Abbasid Caliphate | The greatest Islamic empire. The most advanced civilization at the time, this empire held its information in the House of Wisdom |
| Algebra | Created by Nasir al-Din al-Tusi in the Abbasid Caliphate, this form of math shows how powerful the empire was as society was able to have mathematical advancements |
| Cultural Transfer | This process was done a lot by people living in the Abbasid Caliphate because it was located in the center Eurasia, so it both received information from the east and west, but spread and approved upon it |
| Turkish People | These people are semi-nomadic, they were able to defeat Islamic empires, controlling the Abbasid Caliphate. However, they adapted to Islamic traditions & their knowledge (although keeping some pre-established traditions) |
| Mayans | These are people who lived in modern day Central America. They lived in city-states and had a lot of trading among city states. They had very accurate calendars and mathematic skill |
| Aztecs | These are people who lived in Modern day Mexico, they lived in gigantic cities & used human sacrifice as a form of population control. Trade was common among its own region |
| Human Sacrifice | This is the process of sacrificing someone to have control over a group of people (fear mongering) the Aztecs did this for control over the population and spiritual reasons |
| Incas | Located in the Andes Mountains, this group of people had a society based on strict economic control, this stopped revolts from happening. There was a powerful road system here that helped with a lot of inner region trade |
| Empire of Mali | Ruled by Mansa Musa in the early 1300s, this was the most important trade center in the Trans-Saharan trade, and it held Timbuktu, an education capital of the world |
| Swahili Coast | These were independent city-states that traded timber, ivory, and gold for porcelain, silk, and spices from Asia. This region used the Indian Ocean to trade easily and was prominently Muslim |
| Trans-Saharan Trade | This connected North Africa with West Africa, salt (N) and gold (W) were the most commonly traded things, Islam spread to West Africa due to this trade |
| Islam in Africa | Islam spread to this region mostly due to the Trans-Saharan trade routes, however more often than not only upper class people converted, lower or middle class people often fully kept their own beliefs or combined them with Islam |
| Arabic | This is the language spoken most commonly in Dar al-Islam area, but it spread to Africa, becoming incorporated in languages already spoken in the area |
| European Middle Ages | This was the time period in Europe after the fall of the Greek and Roman empires. This age had had a lot of small, not powerful, kingdoms and it caused Europe to fall behind other empires in development |
| Political Fragmentation | This is not having an empire rule over a vast area, but having a lot of small independent kingdoms |
| Feudalism | This was the system that Europe was under, this let Lords run most of an area (although being under the Kings rule) and have peasants live on that same area in exchange for labor |
| Coerced Labor | This is a labor practice where the laborers didn't have any say in how it was run and there was no way out of it, a lot of serfs were forced into it and it is often compared to slavery |
| Catholic Christianity | This is Christianity that follows the leadership of the Pope, this was most popular in Western Europe |
| Italian City-States | After the Crusades, Europe realized that Islamic empires were much more advanced than their own, so they began trade to the empire, connecting Europe to the Middle East, this made Italy very powerful as it was a key travel point |
| Silk Roads | This is the trade route that connects China to the Mediterranean, it traded luxury goods, not bulk goods, and also spread religion along with goods |
| Paper Money | This was developed in China due to this being more convenient to carry around compared to coin money, this developed along with checks and joint-stock companies |
| Samarkand | This was a new trade city in Uzbekistan, it was along the Silk Road and was used as a rest point |
| Astrolobe | This determines one's location in desert or sea, this was originally made by the Greeks, but was utilized by Arabs the most |
| Compass | This is a Chinese invention that allowed for very precise navigation, this was spread throughout Asia (specifically S and SE Asia) and made trade easy for everyone |
| Diasporic Communities | This is the phenomenon where people are more likely to trade with those who are similar to them, causing more people to move around forming these communities |
| Jesus of Nazareth | This is a Jewish man who preached for equality of all people. Christians believe he came back after death and is the son of God |
| Mohammed | This is an Arab man who was given a very long message later written down as the Quran. Muslims believe him to be the last prophet of God and he was the first Caliph of Islam |
Created by:
SadUrn