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anatomy exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define Anatomy: | structure of body parts |
| Define Physiology: | function of body parts |
| What does structure determine? | function |
| What are the levels of organization | C = Chemical C = Cell T = Tissue O = Organ O = Organ system O = Organism |
| What is the integumentary system and its function? | Skin, hair, nails → protection, regulate body temperature |
| What is the skeletal system and its function? | Bones, joints → support, protection, movement, makes blood cells. |
| What is the muscular system and its function? | Muscles → movement, heat production. |
| What is the nervous system and its function? | Brain, spinal cord, nerves → control, communication, fast signals. |
| What is the endocrine system and its function? | Glands (pituitary, thyroid, pancreas) → hormones, regulate processes (like growth, metabolism) |
| What is the cardiovascular system and its function? | Heart, blood vessels → transport blood, nutrients, gases. |
| What is the lymphatic/immune system and its function? | Lymph nodes, spleen → immunity, return fluid to blood |
| What is the respiratory system and its function? | Lungs, trachea → exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide. |
| What is the digestive system and its function? | Stomach, intestines, liver → break down food, absorb nutrients. |
| What is the urinary system and its function? | Kidneys, bladder → remove waste, maintain fluid balance. |
| What is the reproductive system and its function? | Testes, ovaries → produce gametes (sperm/egg), enable reproduction. |
| What are the 8 necessary life functions? | Boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, growth. |
| What are the components of a homeostatic control mechanism? | Receptor (detects change), Control center (processes info), Effector (carries out response). |
| What’s the difference between negative and positive feedback? | Negative feedback reverses change (ex: body temp). Positive feedback enhances change (ex: labor contractions). |
| Define anatomical position. | Standing upright, palms forward, thumbs outward. |
| Name key directional terms (examples). | Superior/inferior, anterior/posterior, medial/lateral, proximal/distal, superficial/deep. |
| Name the three main body planes. | Sagittal (left/right), frontal (front/back), transverse (top/bottom). |
| What are the four abdominal quadrants? | Right Upper Quadrant: liver, gallbladder, part of stomach, right kidney. Left Upper Quadrant: stomach, spleen, pancreas, left kidney. Right Lower Quadrant: appendix, cecum, right ovary (female). Left Lower Quadrant: sigmoid colon, left ovary (female). |
| What are serous membranes and their two layers? | Thin membranes that reduce friction. Parietal = lines cavity. Visceral = covers organ. |
| Difference between inorganic and organic compounds? | Inorganic = no carbon (water, salts, acids, bases). Organic = carbon-based (carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids). |
| 5 important properties of water? | High heat capacity, high heat of vaporization, solvent, reactivity, cushioning. |
| What do salts do in the body? | Dissociate into electrolytes → essential for nerves, muscles, fluid balance. |
| What is the pH of blood? | 7.35–7.45 |
| What’s the difference between acids and bases? | Acids release H+. Bases accept H+. |
| Main function of carbohydrates? | Quick energy |
| Main function of lipids (triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterol)? | Triglycerides = energy storage. Phospholipids = membranes. Cholesterol = membrane stability, hormones. |
| What is the monomer of proteins? | Amino Acids |
| What are proteins used for? | Structure, enzymes, transport, movement, defense. |
| Levels of protein structure? | Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary. |
| What do enzymes do? | Biological catalysts that speed up reactions by lowering activation energy. |
| DNA vs RNA? | DNA = double helix, deoxyribose, bases A-T-G-C. RNA = single strand, ribose, bases A-U-G-C. |
| Function of ATP? | Energy currency → powers chemical, transport, and mechanical work. |
| Function of the plasma membrane? | Barrier, selective transport, communication. |
| Function of mitochondria? | Make ATP (powerhouse of cell) |
| Function of ribosomes? | Protein synthesis |
| Function of rough ER? (endoplasmic reticulum) | Synthesizes and modifies proteins |
| Function of smooth ER? (Endoplasmic recticulum) | Lipid synthesis, detoxification. |
| Function of Golgi apparatus? | Packages and ships proteins/lipids. |
| Function of lysosomes? | Digest and recycle waste. |
| Function of peroxisomes? | Detoxify harmful substances (H₂O₂). |
| Function of cytoskeleton? | Support, shape, movement. |
| Function of centrioles? | Form spindle fibers for mitosis. |
| Function of the nucleus? | Control center of the cell, stores DNA. |
| What are the two main types of membrane proteins? | Integral (embedded, transport) and Peripheral (surface, support/signaling). |
| 3 types of membrane junctions? | Tight (seal), desmosomes (anchor), gap (communication). |
| what are the 4 types of passive transport? | Simple diffusion facilitated diffusion osmosis filtration |
| Types of active transport? | Pumps, endocytosis, exocytosis, phagocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis. |
| What happens in hypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonic solutions? | Hypotonic = swell Hypertonic = shrink Isotonic = stay same. |
| What is resting membrane potential? | Separation of charges across membrane (inside negative, outside positive). |
| What are the stages of the cell cycle? | Interphase (G1, S, G2) → Mitosis → Cytokinesis. |
| Stages of mitosis? | Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase. |
| What happens in DNA replication? | DNA makes an identical copy before cell division. |
| What happens in transcription? | DNA → mRNA (in nucleus). |
| What happens in translation? | mRNA → protein (at ribosome). |
| Role of mRNA? | Carries instructions from DNA to ribosome. |
| Role of tRNA? | Brings amino acids to ribosome. |
| Role of rRNA? | Forms ribosome structure, catalyzes protein synthesis. |
| What is a gene? | DNA instructions for making a protein. |
| What is the genetic code? | Triplet codons in DNA/mRNA that specify amino acids. |
| What are the two types of metabolism and their functions? | Anabolism = builds molecules (uses energy). Catabolism = breaks down molecules (releases energy). |
| Give 2 examples of negative feedback. | Body temperature regulation, blood glucose control (insulin/glucagon). |
| Give 2 examples of positive feedback. | Labor contractions (oxytocin), blood clotting. |
| What are the 3 main cell cycle checkpoints? | G1 checkpoint = is cell ready to divide? G2 checkpoint = was DNA replicated correctly? M checkpoint = are chromosomes attached to spindle before separation? |
| What part of an enzyme binds the substrate? | The active site. |
| What can denature (damage) enzymes? | High temperature, extreme pH. |
Created by:
bolton12