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Bio Test Recap #1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Alternative Hypotheses | -“Normal” hypothesis -An educated prediction about the results of the experiment. -If…then…” statements. |
| Null Hypotheses | -States that the IV has no effect on the DV -The Null Hypotheses is assumed to be correct unless statistical analysis of the data contradicts it. |
| Dependent Variable | -The variable that changes in response to the IV -The Dependent Variable is what is being measured throughout an experiment. |
| Independent | -The variable that is manipulated or changed by the researcher. -This variable will vary between experimental groups. |
| Experiments with more data are better because... | -More Data = Bigger Sample Size -Bigger sample sizes allows for better statistical analysis of the data and more support for scientific claims |
| Qualitative data | observations that cannot be numerically expressed Qualitative data cannot be used for scientific research |
| Quantitative data | data consists of, measurable units that are numerically expressed |
| Line Graphs | -Used when the independent variable is continuous and numerical. -used to calculate rate/slope |
| True mean | -The average value for data taken from every member of a population - graphed with error bars to show if differences between treatment groups are statistically significant -impossible to actually calculate |
| Sample Mean | -The averages of data points within individual experimental groups. -Used to compare averages between treatment types |
| Standard Deviation | -A statistical test that provides numerical values for the amount of variation in a data set -Allows for comparison of data points WITHIN a sample |
| Explain how to evaluate standard deviation | -Data points that fall between of +/- 1 SD are not considered significantly different than the mean. -Data points that fall outside of +/- 2 SD are considered significantly different than the mean |
| Standard error of the Mean | -Statistical test that measures the probability that you have captured the true mean of the entire population. -The smaller the SEM value, the more likely it is that the sample mean matches the true mean and represents the population as a whole. |
| 95% Confidence Interval | -the range (interval) of values for which we believe the true mean that our data represents is in -used to make error bars on graphs that compare sample means between experimental groups and the control group. |
| How do you calculate 95% confidence level? | -Mean + 2SEM (Top bar of error bar) -Mean - 2SEM (Bottom bar of error bar) |
| How do you analyze 95% confidence Level for significance? | -If the bars DO NOT overlap, we say that the differences in the sample means are statistically significant. (same true mean) -If the bars overlap, we say that the differences in the sample means are NOT statistically significant. (different true means) |
| What molecules make up and define a amino acid? | - NH2 (Amino group) - COOH (Carboxyl group) -Central Carbon (C) -Hydrogen (H) - R Group |
| Peptide bond | - the covalent linkage of carbon from the carboxyl group of one amino acid to the nitrogen to the amino group of another amino acid -occurs due to dehydration synthesis - |
| Peptide | short polymer of amino acid |
| Polypeptide | long polymer of amino acid |
| Primary structure of a protein | -the sequence of amino acids in a protein -determines the secondary, tertiary and Quaternary structures -determines how protein folds |
| Secondary structure of a protein | -formed bonds between stretches of amino acids in a protein -stabilized by hydrogen bonds between backbone carbonyl oxygen (C=O) and the backbone amide hydrogen (N–H). -No R group interaction -Two types of structure Alpa Helix and Beta sheet |
| Tertiary structure of a protein | - 3D shape of a single polypeptide chain - defined by interactions between R groups -involves disulfide bridges, Hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, and hydrophobic interactions |
| Quaternary structure of a protein | - 3D shape of two or more polypeptide chains - defined by interactions between R groups -involves disulfide bridges, Hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, and hydrophobic interactions |
| Alpha helix | -a type of secondary protein structure - twisted spiral helix shape -stabilized by hydrogen bonds between backbone carbonyl oxygen (C=O) and the backbone amide hydrogen (N–H). |
| Beta Sheet | -a type of secondary protein structure -forms a pleated sheet -stabilized by hydrogen bonds between backbone carbonyl oxygen (C=O) and the backbone amide hydrogen (N–H). |
| Denaturation of a Protein | - a change in structure of a protein due to a increase of heat or ph -proteins that are denatured don't function proplery or at all - does not change primary structure -disrupts the secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures of a protein |
| How to number Carbon's | count carbons clockwise starting from the Oxygen in the molecule |
| Dehydration Synthesis | -water is removed to make a bigger molecule -it is anabolic (builds a more complex molecule) -requires energy (endergonic) and enzymes |
| Hydrolysis | -adding water to break apart a big molecule -reduces complexity (catabolic) -releases energy (exergonic) and needs a enzyme |
| Describe Carbohydrates | -sugar and starches - made of 1 (C) :2 (H) :1 (O) ratio -used for short term energy -different carbohydrates have different # of carbons |
| What are the monomers and polymers of carbohydrates | -monomers: monosaccharide -polymers: Polysaccharide |
| Glycosidic linkage | -a type of covalent bond that joins a carbohydrate (sugar) molecule to another group (another sugar or a non-sugar) |
| What is the difference between starch and Cellulose? | - Starch:digestible, used for energy, alpha linked glucose ( bonds are always right-side up) -Cellulose: indigestible, used for structure, beta linked glucose (bonds alternate between up and down) |
| Chitin | -a modified polysaccharide used in fungi cell walls and bug endoskeletons |
| Peptidoglycan | -used in bacteria cell walls |
| Describe Lipids | - Fats, oils and waxes - made of 1 (C) :2 (H) : few hydrogen ratio -has no polymers -used for long term storage and insulation |
| What are the three groups of lipids? | Triglycerides, Phospholipids, and Steroids |
| Describe Triglycerides | -made of one glycerol and 3 fatty acids -connected by dehydration synthesis and ester linkages |
| What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats? | - saturated fats: no double bonds between carbons, solid at room temperature, every carbon bonds with 2 hydrogen -unsaturated: at least one double bond between carbons, liquid at room temperature, some carbons without two hydrogen's attached |
| Describe Phospholipids | -modified triglycderides -has a glycerol backbone that attaches to fatty acids and a phosphate group (OPO3H2) - have polar regions (polar heads) and non polar tails (fatty acids) |
| Steroids | -a class of hormones and cholesterol -has four fused rings and 20 central atoms - |
| Describe proteins | -most complex biological structure -made of C,H,N, and sometimes S -used for many life functions |
| What are the monomers and polymers of proteins? | -monomers: amino acids - polymers: peptides (short chains) and polypetides (long chains) |
| Describe Nucleic Acid | -genetic information storage unit -nucleotides have a phosphate, a 5-carbon sugar and a nitrogen base |
| What are the functions of DNA | -holds genetic information -has blueprint for protein syntehsis |
| What are the monomers and polymers of DNA and RNA? | -monomers: nucleotides polymers: Nucleic acids |
| How do Nucleotides bond together to form DNA? | Nucleotides bond together through phosphodiester bonds - covalent bonds formed by a dehydration between the 5'-phosphate group of one nucleotide and the 3'-hydroxyl group of the next |
| What are the life functions of RNA | - transmits and translates info from DNA into a protein |
| Describe the structure of RNA | -less stable than DNA - 1 stranded but base pair can still occur (A to U instead of A to T) |
| Central dogma | the flow of genetic information as a one way process from DNA to RNA - DNA->RNA-> Protein |
| What is the difference between ring and linear carbohydrate structures | -linear structures: have a straight chain of carbon - Ring structures: linear structures that folded on each other and have functional groups that form above and below it |
| Describe ribose and deoxyribose | -ribose: a 5 carbon sugar that makes RNA - deoxyribose: a five carbon sugar that makes DNA |
| Complex carbohydrates | large molecules made up of long chains of simple sugars (monosaccharides) |
| Polysaccharides | a specific type of complex carbohydrate that consists of multiple monosaccharide units linked together by glycosidic bonds. |
| Glycosidic bonds | - covalent bonds that attach monosaccrides together -a carbon of one sugar bonds to the hydroxyl group of another via a dehydration synthesis |
| Describe Lipids | -all lipids are hydrophobic -lipids are formed by fatty acids and glycerol forming bonds -the carboxly group of fatty acids react with the hydroxyl group of glycerol to form ester bonds |
| Triacylglycerol | -the combination of three fatty acids and one glycerol -used for energy storage -type of lipid |
| Fatty acid | -a long chain of carbon atoms with hydrogen -3 carbon with hydrocarbon tails |
| Glycerol | a three carbon molecule with a hydroxly (OH) group |
| How do you read DNA? | -Read from left to right based on the molecule is connect to which carbon -carbons are numbered starting from the O then counting clockwise |
| What are the two types of nitrogen bases? | -Pyrimidines :Single-ring nitrogenous bases. -Purine:Double-ring nitrogenous bases. |
| Differentiate the bonds structure of unsaturated and saturated fats | -saturated fats: straight structure (all carbons are bonded to two hydrogens) - unsaturated fats-bent structure (some carbons are not bonded to two hydrogens) |
| Van Der waals interactions | -the interaction of temporarily charged polarized molecules due to oppositely charged molecules |
| Describe fatty acid bonds | - fatty acids are non polar but form temporary partial positive and negative charges due to electron movement through Van der waals forces |
| Which nitrogen bases are purines | Adenine (A) and Guanine (G) - "Pure As Gold" |
| Which nitrogen bases are Pyrimidines | Cytosine (C), Thymine (T in DNA), and Uracil (U in RNA). - "Perfect The Craft and Urself |
| DNA vs RNA | - DNA: longer, doubled stranded -RNA shorter, single stranded |
| Describe the double helix structure of DNA | - Center (stairs) is made of the four nitrogen bases - The outside strands ( railings) are made of phosphate group and deoxyribose sugar |
| What makes deoxyribose different from ribose? | -it lacks an oxygen atom at its 2'-carbon position; -there is a hydrogen atom instead |
| What structures make up nucleotides? | -A nitrogenous base -a phosphate group - a five carbon sugar |
| Nitrogen base | a cyclic molecule that has: Carbon (C), Oxygen , Hydrogen (H), (O)and Nitrogen (N) |
| 5' end of nucleotide | -the nucleotide in a strand of DNA that has a free phosphate group that is also attached to Carbon 5' |
| 3' end- | the nucleotide with a free hydroxyl group that is attached to Carbon 3' |
| Describe DNA structure | -double helix with two parallel strands (move in opposite directions) -One strand starts with 3' and ends with 5' and the other starts with 5' and ends with 3' |
| How many hydrogen bonds between Adenine (A) and Thymine (T) | 2 hydrogen bonds |
| How many hydrogen bonds between Guanine (G) and Cytosine (C) | 3 hydrogen bonds |
| What affects the polarity of DNA | the 5' phosphate group and the 3' hydroxyl group |
| Describe the double helix of DNA | -stair case structure -middle "stairs" are the nitrogen bases - the outside "railings" are the phosphate group and deoxyribose sugar |
| What is NH2 | amino group |
| What is COOH | the carboxyl group |
| Explain the formation of a peptide ond | -The –OH from the carboxyl group and an H from the amino group combine to form (H₂O) - the carbon (C) of the carboxyl group bonds to the nitrogen (N) of the amino group forming a peptide bond between proteins |
Created by:
KenechukwuIE