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Chemistry
Science
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What was the plum pudding model of the atom? | The plum pudding model described the atom as a sphere of positive charge with tiny negative electrons scattered throughout like raisins. |
| What is the nuclear model of the atom? | Rutherford’s nuclear model showed that atoms have a positively charged nucleus with electrons orbiting in mostly empty space. |
| What is the Bohr model and what does it show? | The Bohr model showed that electrons orbit the nucleus in fixed energy levels called shells, rather than moving randomly through space. |
| List the atomic models in order of development and their creators | John Dalton – Dalton’s Model – Early 1800s J.J. Thomson – Plum Pudding Model – 1897 Ernest Rutherford – Nuclear Model – 1911 Niels Bohr – Bohr Model – 1913 |
| What is a proton? | A proton is a positively charged particle with a mass of 1. It is found in the nucleus of the atom and has a charge of +1. |
| What is a neutron? | A neutron is a neutral particle with no charge and a mass of 1. It is also found in the nucleus of the atom and has no charge. |
| What is an electron? | An electron is a negatively charged particle with a very tiny mass. Electrons orbit around the nucleus in electron shells and has a charge of -1 |
| What are the rules for electron configuration? | Electrons fill shells in order, with a maximum of 2 in the first shell, then 8 in the next, then 8, and so on. |
| What is an isotope? | Isotopes are atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons, giving them different masses. eg. carbon-12, carbon-13, & carbon-14 |
| What is half-life? | Half-life is the time taken for half of the unstable nuclei to decay into more stable forms. Example: Carbon-14 has a half-life of 5,730 years. If you start with 10 g, only 5 g remains after one half-life. |
| What is a radioactive isotope? | A radioactive isotope is one with an unstable nucleus that breaks down over time and releases radiation during the decay process. Example: Carbon-14 |
| What is the difference between C-12 and C-14? | C-12 and C-14 both have 6 protons, but C-12 has 6 neutrons while C-14 has 8 neutrons, making C-14 radioactive. |
| What is C-14 used for? | C-14 is used in carbon dating to measure the age of once-living materials e.g fossils, bones, and ancient artifacts. |
| How does an element become radioactive? | An element becomes radioactive when its nucleus becomes unbalanced, typically due to an excess of neutrons or protons. This unstable nucleus then undergoes radioactive decay, releasing energy in the form of radiation to achieve a more stable state. |
| What does the atomic number tell you? | The atomic number tells you the number of protons in an atom. |
| How do you identify a metallic element? | You can identify a metallic element by its physical properties such as its thermal conductivity, malleability, and ductility, or by its position on the periodic table. |
| How do you identify an element by its electron configuration? | To identify an element from its electron configuration, add up all the electrons to find the atomic number, which then tells you the element's identity. |
| What is the trend in atomic radius across a period? | Across a period, atomic radius decreases because extra protons pull the electrons closer to the nucleus. |
| What is the trend in atomic radius down a group? | Atomic radius increases down a group because more electron shells are added, increasing the distance from the nucleus. |
| What is the metallic trend across a period? | Across a period, metallic character decreases as the atomic radius decreases and atoms hold onto electrons more strongly and prefer to gain rather than lose them. |
| What is the metallic trend down a group? | Metallic character increases down a group because outer electrons are further away and easier to lose. |
| What is the non-metallic trend across a period? | Non-metallic character increases across a period as atoms are more likely to gain electrons rather than lose them. |
| What is the non-metallic trend down a group? | Non-metallic character decreases down a group because the atomic radius increases making the attraction between the nucleus and outer electrons weaker. |
| Give an example of a metallic and non-metallic element. | Sodium is a metallic element, while oxygen is a non-metallic element. |
| How do elements change as you go down a group and across a period in the periodic table? | group: atomic radius increase, more reactive (for metals), and have more electron shells and the same number of valance electrons. period: atomic radius decrease, more reactive (for non-metals),& have the same number of electron shells. |
| What is a flame test and what does it show? | A flame test is when a substance is heated in a flame. The metal ions produce unique flame colours that identify which metal is present. |
| What happens when metals react with dilute acids? | Metal + Acid → Salt + Hydrogen gas Example: Magnesium + Hydrochloric acid → Magnesium chloride + Hydrogen gas |
| What happens when metals react with water? | Metal + Water → Metal hydroxide + Hydrogen gas Example: Calcium + Water → Calcium hydroxide + Hydrogen gas |
| What happens when metals react with oxygen? | Metal + Oxygen → Metal oxide Example: Iron + Oxygen → Iron oxide |
| What is reactivity? | Reactivity depends on how easily atoms lose or gain electrons. Metals in Group 1 lose electrons easily and are very reactive. |
| What is the trend in reactivity down a group? | For metals, reactivity increases down a group because the outer electrons are further away and easier to lose. |
| What are the main groups in the periodic table? | Group 1: Alkali metals Group 2: Alkaline earth metals Groups 3–12: Transition metals Group 17: Halogens Group 18: Noble gases |
| What is alpha decay? | Alpha decay is when the nucleus emits 2 protons and 2 neutrons. Alpha particles are heavy and have low penetration, so they are stopped by paper. It has a mass of 4 |
| What is beta decay? | Beta decay happens when a neutron turns into a proton and an electron is emitted. Beta particles have medium penetration and are stopped by aluminum. It has a mass of 1/1840 |
| What is gamma decay? | Gamma decay is when a nucleus loses excess energy by emitting gamma rays. Gamma radiation is very penetrating and reduced only by thick lead or concrete. It has a mass of 0 |
| What is the penetrating power of alpha, beta, and gamma radiation? | Alpha radiation is blocked by paper, beta is blocked by thin aluminium, and gamma radiation is reduced only by thick lead or concrete. |
| How are alpha, beta, and gamma radiation deflected by electric fields? | Alpha has a +2 charge, so it deflects toward the negative. Beta has a −1 charge, so it deflects toward the positive. Gamma has no charge (0), so it is not deflected. |
| Why are noble gases unreactive? | Noble gases have a full outer electron shell, so they are stable and do not need to gain, lose, or share electrons. |
| Why are Group 1 metals stored under oil? | Group 1 metals (Li, Na, K) are very reactive with air and water. Storing them under oil prevents contact with air or water, keeping them safe and stable. |
| Examples of alpha, beta and gamma decay | An example of alpha decay is Radon-222 turning into Polonium-218, an example of beta decay is like Carbon-14 turning into Nitrogen-14, and gamma decay is Cobalt-60 giving off gamma radiation. |
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