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STATS quiz c1-3

QuestionAnswer
individuals any person, object, or animal DESCRIBED by a set of data
variable any CHARACTERISTIC of an individual
data measurements recorded for individuals
categorical variable individuals are placed into GROUPS/categories
numerical variable takes numerical values for which arithmetic operations make sense (adding or averaging) -individuals are represented with a number value, not a name/subject
response variable outcome or result of a study, how the individuals responded
observational study observes/measures variables without intervening. used to describe a group/situation
sample survey observational study of ppl selected who represent a larger group, a specific group
population entire group of individuals
sample part of a population. purpose is to draw conclusions about the entire group of individuals (whole population)
census a sample survey that ATTEMPTS to include/measure the entire population in the sample
experiment Something is done with the individual in order to see how they respond. purpose is to find if a treatment/control will change an individual's response
parameter a number that describes the population (a fixed number, value unknown)
statistic a number that describes the sample. value is found when a sample is taken
proportion represented as a percentage (or fractions, decimals, and ratios)
sample proportion P^, a statistic
population proportion P, a parameter
SRS - simple random sample . Individuals from the population chosen in such a way that every set of n individuals has an equal chance to be the sample actually selected. Using software, label population elements and draw your sample.
what are 2 benefits for SRS everyone has an equally likely chance of being chosen to be in the sample size & reduces bias
sampling variability different possible sample groups will have different statistics
bias consistent, repeated deviation of the statistic from the parameter. the results don't represent the population.
variability how spread out the values of statistics are when we take many samples
n= ? sample size
what reduces bias random sampling
margin of error definition calculated value that quantifies(announces) the uncertainty of our estimate. +/-x (+/-1)
what represents/finds how close we believe the sample proportion is/lies to the population proportion? the MOE
which level of confidence do you use MOE to find? 95%
level of confidence what % of all possible samples results in a confidence interval that contains the true parameter
confidence interval the range that the uncertainty lies in
confidence statement a sentence that tells/interprets the confidence interval -has two parts -we are 95% confident that the true proportion of people who believe ...... falls in the range of __%-__%
what are the two parts of the confidence statement margin of error & level of confidence
how to get less variability getting a larger sample size -population size has no affect
convenience sampling Selection of whichever individuals are easiest to reach
voluntary sampling the sample essentially chooses itself. they choose/********* to respond -write-in polls for opinions
why is sampling at the mall biased shoppers are richer and more likely to be teenagers or retirees, and the interviewers tend to select neat, safe-looking individuals. this does not tend to ever be representative of the population. (OVERREPRESENTING)
larger samples are good for what having less variability in results WHY? distribution is more centered than it would be with a smaller size
Approximately 95% confidence interval for p 𝑝 ^±1/√n
smaller sample sizes, is the MOE larger or smaller larger. because there is more variability in a smaller sample size.
Created by: liz gelles
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