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Bio topic 5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Ecosystem, community, population, habitat | Ecosystem - interaction between biotic + abiotic factors Community - various populations sharing an ecosystem Population - group of interbreeding individuals of 1 species in an area Habitat - the place with distinct conditions where an organism lives |
| Succession | Pioneer plants which are specially adapted colonise harsh habitats - they help improve biotic/abiotic factors, biodiversity increases with distance - more species grow outcompeting pioneers - stable climax community reached (usually dominated by trees) |
| How is ATP used for energy/How is ATP made | ADP and P are phosphorylated to form ATP ATP is broken down into ADP and P and the P is hydrated releasing energy ATP made of Adenine, Ribose, Phosphate group |
| Light-dependent reactions | Cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation Photolysis |
| Photolysis | In thylakoid lumen Light energy splits water molecules (with aid of enzymes) to form hydrogen ions (used to reduce NAPD), electrons (used for photophosphorylation), and oxygen (excreted) |
| Non-cyclic photophosphorylation | Light hits PS2 - electrons are excited + energy level increases - they get accepted + carried by an electron carrier chain to PS1- along the chain energy is released for ATP synthesis - process repeats at PS1 - energy released used to reduce NADP to NADPH |
| Cyclic photophosphorylation | Light hits PS1 - electrons are excited and energy level increases - they get accepted and carried by an electron carrier chain - along the chain energy is released for ATP synthesis - electrons end up back at PS1 and process repeats |
| Light independent reactions | CO2 combines with RuBP with enzyme RuBISCO - product is unstable, breaks down to GP - GP reduced to GALP - 2 of every 12 GALPs used to make glucose - 10 of every 12 GALPs used to remake RuBP by phosphorylation of six 5-carbon compounds - cycle repeat |
| Use of NADPH and ATP | NADPH carries to H+ ions needed to reduce GP to GALP while preventing it reacting with oxygen ATP provides energy to reduce GP to GALP and to remake RuBP from six 5-carbon compounds |
| CORE PRACTICAL 11: Hill Reaction | Investigating how the electrons in the light dependent reactions reduce DCPIP from blue to colourless |
| Chloroplast structure | Thylakoids stacked to form grana - photophosphorylation occurs in thylakoid membrane, photolysis occurs in thylakoid lumen Fluid surrounding thylakoid called stroma - light independent reaction occurs Contains starch grains, DNA loop, double membrane |
| Gross Primary Production (GPP) | The rate at which energy is incorporated into organic molecules used by the ecosystem |
| Net Primary Production (NPP) | The rate at which energy is transferred into the organic molecules that make up the plant biomass NPP = GPP - R (energy lost through plant respiration) |
| Evidence for climate change | Carbon dioxide records, temperature records, pollen in peat bogs, dendrochronology |
| Causes of anthropogenic climate change | Greenhouse effect with CO2 and Methane |
| Evolution | A change in allele frequency due to gene mutation and natural selection |
| Allopatric speciation | Occurs when two populations are geographically isolated preventing gene flow |
| Sympatric speciation | Occurs when two populations are reproductively isolated due to other isolating mechanisms preventing gene flow |
| Methods of Isolation 1 | Ecological - occupy different parts of the habitat Temporal - mate at different times Behavioural - dont respond to each others courtship |
| Methods of Isolation 2 | Physical Incompatibility - physical reasons prevent mating Hybrid inviability - hybrids die before they can breed Hybrid sterility - hybrids are infertile |
| CORE PRACTICAL 12: Investigating the effect of temperature on the rate of enzyme controlled reactions and the q10 | reacting a yeast solution (catalase) with H2O2 in an upturned burette to continuously measure the vol of O2 produced for each 10 degree interval - used to calculate the q10 (R2/R1 where R1 is at temp x and R2 is at temp x+10) |
| CORE PRACTICAL 13: Investigating the effect of temperature on the development of organisms | Placed 40 brine shrimps in beakers placed in water baths of different temperatures. As temperature increases the rate of brine shrimp hatching decreased likely due to enzyme and protein denaturing |
| Carbon cycle in relation to climate change | Deforestation worsens climate change as plants are the only thing drawing CO2 out of the atmosphere Combustion of fossil fuels is a massive contributor to CO2 in the atmosphere worsening the greenhouse effect |
| Maintaining CO2 balance | Reforestation to help strengthen carbon sinks and draw more CO2 out of the atmosphere Using sustainable resources to reduce CO2 output such as with biofuels (which are carbon neutral) |
Created by:
silver54331