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241 EXAM 1
CHAPTER 13 RESPITORY
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Where does air enter? | The nasal passages |
| How is foreign materials filtered out? | Through mucous secretions and hairs before entering the lung tissue |
| What are the 4 paranasal sinuses? | Frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and maxillary |
| What is the rough of the air flow? | Nasopharynx to the larynx to the trachea |
| What are adenoids? | Pharyngeal tonsils |
| What does the epiglottis do? | An opening and closing passageway to protect food from going into the air canal |
| What is the passageway of air in the bronchi? | Goes into the right or left primary bronchus. Then branches off into the secondary bronchi and then into bronchioles forming bronchial tree. Then flows into the alveolar ducks and alveoli. |
| Where does gas exchange occure? | In the Alveoli |
| Surfactant | Fluid coated over an alveoli to prevent total collapse of the alveoli during expiration |
| Right and left lung Lobes | Right lung 3, Left lung 2. Left lung only has to because there is no room with the heart on that side |
| Visceral Pleura | Attached to the lungs. (inner fluid) |
| Parietal pleura | Attached to the chest wall (outer fluid) |
| Pleural fluid | Between the visceral and parietal pleura for lubrication during respiratory movements |
| What consist of the thorax? | Ribs, vertebrae, and sternum. Providing protection for lungs |
| 1st 7 pairs of ribs? | True ribs. Articulate with the vertebrae and attached to the sternum |
| next 3 ribs? | False ribs. Connected to the costal cartilage of the seventh rib. |
| Last 2 ribs? | False ribs. Floating ribs. Attached only to the vertebrae |
| Inspiration | Atmospheric pressure is higher then air pressure in side the lungs. |
| Expiration | Pressure outside must be higher in the lungs then the atmosphere |
| Compliance | Ability of lungs to expand based on elasticity |
| What happens in the pulmonary capillaries? | diffusion or gas exchange occures |
| Spirometry test is used for? | pulmonary function test. Measures the volume and air flow times |
| Arterial Blood gas (ABG) is used for ? | checks O2, CO2, bicarbonate levels, and serum pH |
| Oximeters is used for? | Measuring O2 saturation |
| Exercise tolerance testing is used for? | patients with chronic pulmonary diseases for monitoring progress |
| Bronchoscopy is used for? | preforming a biopsy of checking for lesion or bleeding |
| What are the general manifestations of the respiratory system? | Sneezing, coughing, sputum, breathing patterns, breathing sounds, dyspnea, cyanosis, clubbing fingers, pleural pain, fiction rub, hypoxemia, hypoxia |
| Hemopytsis | bright red frothy sputum associated with edema |
| Stridor | high pitched crowing noise indicating upper airway obstruction |
| Rales lung sounds | lightly bubbly or crackling associated with serous secretions |
| Rhonchi lung sounds | deeper harsh sounds from thicker mucus |
| orthopnea | difficulty breathing laying down |
| Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea | Common in left sided congestive heart failure. patient wakes up gasping for air |
| Friction rub lung sound | soft sound produced as rough membranes move against each other. |
| Common cold (infectious rhinitis) upper respiratory tract infection | A viral infection, rhinovirus. spread through droplets. Highly contagious. Causes swelling of mucous membranes of nose and pharynx |
| S/S of the common cold? | voice loss, sore throat, headache, slight fever, malaise, coughing |
| What is the treatment for the common cold? | meds like antihistamines or decongestants, hand washing. Antibiotics do not cure |
| Sinusitis (sinus infection) upper respiratory tract infection | A bacterial infection, streptococci or the flu, pressure builds up in the nasal cavity |
| S/S of sinusitis? | Pain in facial bone, toothache, nasal congestion, fever, sore throat |
| What is the treatment for sinusitis? | Antibiotics to clear bacterial infection, decongestants and analgesics |
| Laryngotracheobronchitis (croup) upper respiratory tract infection | Viral infection in children, larynx and subglottic become inflamed causing a barking cough or horse voice |
| How to help Laryngotracheobronchitis? | humidifier, shower, or a croup tent relieves obstruction |
| Epiglottitis upper respiratory tract infection | Bacterial organism. Flue type B. swelling of the larynx, supraglottic, and epiglottis |
| S/S of Epiglottitis? | sore throat hard to swallow, drooling, stridor is heard, anxious, pale |
| Treatments of Epiglottitis? | oxygen and antimicrobial therapy with intubation or tracheotomy if necessary |
| Scarlet fever upper respiratory tract infection | caused by group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus. |
| S/S of Scarlet fever | sore throat, chills, vomiting, abdominal pain, malaise, strawberry tong (from exotoxin) , rash on chest neck growing and thighs. |
| Influenza upper respiratory tract infection | type A, B, C. Most people die from the flu because of pneumonia |
| Treatment of the Flu? | Antiviral drugs taken 2 times a day to reduce symptoms. Vaccines |
| Bronchiolitis (respiratory syncytial virus infection) Lower respiratory infection | oral droplets. from family history of asthma or smoking |
| S/S of Bronchiolitis | wheezing and dyspnea, rapid and shallow respirations, cough rails, chest retractions, fever, malaise |
| Pneumonia Lower respiratory tract infections | infection and inflammation of the alveoli. Risk of aspiration from fluid. Inhaled virus directly spreading along the mucosa. |
| Nosocomial pneumonia | Hospital acquired. contracted by a patient 48-72 hours after being admitted to the hospital |
| Community acquired pneumonia | viral or bacterial, follows flu as well as cardiovascular or respiratory disease |
| aspiration pneumonia | aspiration of vomitus or other liquids irritating the tissue |
| Lobar pneumonia | localized in one or more lobes. inflammation and vascular congestion in the alveolar wall. Pleurae makes pleuritic pain. Chest x-ray and sputum culture |
| S/S of lobar pneumonia | hight fever with chills, fatigued, leukocytosis, dyspnea, tachypnea and tachycardia, rales over affected lobe, rust color sputum, confusion and disorientation |
| Treatment of lobar pneumonia | Antibiotics |
| Bronchopneumonia | infection of both lungs in lower lobes. beginning in the bronchial mucosa and spreading to alveoli, yellow green sputum |
| Legionnarie's Disease | Gram negative bacterium (legionella pneumophila). if untreated can cause sever congestion and consolidation with necrosis in the lungs |
| Covid 19 Lower respiratory tract infection | Viruses firm attachment to lung cells and triggers cytokine storm. sever inflammation of lung tissue that results in sever pneumonia and tissue damage |
| S/S covid | Fever and chills, coughing, sneezing, SOB, Fatigue, loss of taste, body ache, headache, sore throat, Nausea/vomiting, congestion, confusion |
| Treatment of covid | pain relievers, cough medication, rest, fluid intake, mechanical ventilation |
| TB lower respiratory track infections | From poverty and overcrowding. mycobacterium tuberculosis. can survive in dried sputum for weeks |
| Primary infection of TB | microorganisms first enter the lungs. lymphocytes are macrophages form granuloma forming tubercle. asymptomatic |
| Secondary infection TB | Active stage of infection. years after being exposed. orginismas multiply forming necrosis. Cavitation occurs forming large opening of lungs. |
| How id TB passed onto others? | bacilli are present in sputum and droplets are inhaled by another person |
| S/S of TB secondary | Anorexia, malaise, fatigue, weight loss, night sweats, prolonged cough, purulent sputum containing blood. |
| How long does TB treatment last? | 6 months to a year |
| Histoplasmosis lower respiratory infection | Fungal infection, inhaled through dust particles. common opportunistic infection in person with AIDS. Granuloma , necrosis, and consolidation in lungs and other organs |
| What is the treatment of histoplasmosis? | Anti fungal agent |
| Anthrax lower respiratory infection | Bacterial infection of skin, respiratory, and gastrointestinal tract. 3-5 days of sever respiratory distress. relase of toxins causes shock |
| What is the treatment of anthrax? | Ciprofloxacin and anthrax antitoxin |
| Cystic fibrosis obstructive lung disease | genetic disorder. mutations to the CFTR gene. defect in the exocrine gland. abnormal thick secretions. sticky mucous obstructs the passages. respiratory failure |
| S/S of cystic fibrosis | meconium ileus appears at brith, salty skin, steatorrhea (bulky fatty foul stools) destined abdomen, failure weight gain, chronic cough, lung damage, hypoxia, failure milestones |
| What is the treatment of cystic fibrosis | chest physiotherapy (removal of mucus) bronchodilators, aerobic exercise, replace pancreatic enzymes, oxygen therapy, transplant |
| Primary lung cancer is when? | when the cancer originates in the lungs |
| Secondary lung cancer is when? | when the cancer metastasizes to the lungs. when the lung are not the original site. |
| What are the subtypes of Non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) | adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma |
| What is the most common type of maligant lung cancer in the bronchial? | Bronchogenic carcinoma |
| Metaplasia | one mature cell replaced by another type of mature cell to make tissues more resistant. first change |
| Dysplasia | start to see over growth in abnormal cell growth. cells become different sizes. Pre cancer and cancer. then beginning stages of a tumor |
| What happens to body when we have a tumor in the lungs? | obstruct air way and dyspnea. inflammation around the tumor causing coughing and infections. Pleural effusion, hemothorax, pneumothorax, cancer systemic symptoms. |
| Carcinogens | things that can cause cancer (smoking, asbestos) |
| Hemoptysis | when tumors erode tissue |
| How is lung cancer diagnosed? | CT or X-rays, septum, biopsy |
| How can lung cancer be treated? | Surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, immunotherapy, radio surgery |
| Aspiration pneumonia | pneumonia of the lungs caused by what aspirated it |
| S/S of aspiration? | coughing can choking. SOB stirred, wheezing. Tachypnea, tachycardia, wont be able to make noise, could stop breathing |
| how to prevent asperiation? | avoid walking and chewing, avoid large pieces of food, make sure there sitting, alert, intact gag reflex (easer to prevent then treat) |
| Why does sleep apnea happen? | when pharyngeal tissues collapse during sleep leading to momentary cessation of breathing. ( stop breathing suring sleep) |
| s/s of sleep apnea? | loud snoring and loud gasp of air when sleeping. |
| How to treat sleep apnea? | Use of a CPAP (continuous positive airway pressure) mask witch humidifies room air at a higher pressure to keep an open air way. |
| What is Asthma? | Periodic episode of sever bronchial obstruction. in people who have hypersensitive or hyperresponsive airways |
| 3 main characteristics of asthma? | bronchial and bronchioles response to stimuli with Inflammation of the mucosa, Contraction of the smooth muscle (bronchoconstriction), Increase secretion of mucus |
| Air trapping results of Asthma? | Patient inhales but can not exhale all the way do air gets trapped in the lungs |
| status asthmaticus | persistent sever asthma attack that don't respond to any treatments. last so long there is a lack of oxygen. can be fatal. treated in the hospital |
| What causes people to have asthma? | family history of allergies and asthma or eczema, air pollution |
| s/s of acute asthma attack? | cough with mucous, SOB and rapid breathing, tight chest, agitation. unable to talk, wheezing, accessory muscle, cyanosis |
| how is asthma treated? | avoiding triggers, good ventilation in the home (mold) |
| how to control acute asthma | breathing techniques (reduction of anxiety), inhalers (bronchodilator) |
| What does COPD causes | irreversible and progressive damage to the lungs, causing respiratory failure because of loss of oxygen |
| What is emphysema? | destruction of alveoli walls. hyper inflated and looses there structure, pulmonary capillaries, gash exchange, elastic fibers |
| what does over inflation of the lungs causes? | increased anterior posterior transverse diameter- barrel chest |
| blebs or bullae are? | damaged alveoli joining together causing large air spaces. Looks like a projection on the lung |
| what happens when the blebs rupture? | Pneumothorax |
| s/s of emphysema | dyspnea on exertion and then at rest, hyperventilation, accessory muscle, barrel chest, sitting tripod, clubbed fingers |
| Emphysema is treated with? | educating on smoking, immunization, rehabilitation, purse lips breathing, bronchodilators, oxygen therapy |
| Chronic bronchitis | inflammation of bronchi. repeated infection, chronic cough. mucosa is inflamed. cyanosis, SOB, fatigue |
| S/S of chronic bronchitis | chronic cough, tachypnea, rhonchi. hypercapnia, weight loss, thick mucus |
| Treatment of chronic bronchitis | Reduce exposure to irritants, vaccines, experctorants (to cough up the mucous) remove mucous, low flow oxygen |
| Pulmonary edema | fluid collection in the alveoli and lobes of the lung interfering with lung expansion |
| How does fluid get into the alveoli? | Hydrostatic pressure in the pulmonary capillaries become hight and fluid shift out of the capillaries into the alveoli |
| excessive amounts of fluid in the alveoli interferes with gas exchange causing? | sever hypoxemia (not enough oxygen in the blood), surfactant |
| What does surfactant do? | keeps alveoli open and from collapsing so gas exchange can happen |
| What can cause pulmonary edema? | when something that pushes fluid out of the capillaries into the alveoli. Congestive heart failure, low protein, inhalation of toxic gas, Pulmonary HTP |
| S/S of pulmonary edema | cough, orthopnea, rails, congestion - frothy sputum "drowning from the inside" cyanosis |
| Treatment of pulmonary edema | supplemental oxygen, mechanical ventilation, upper body elevated to help with lung expiation and drain fluid out of the alveoli |
| Pulmonary embolism (PE) | blood colt that obstructs the pulmonary artery blocking the flow of blood through the lung tissue. a large pulmonary emboli will cause right sided heart failure and cause decreased CO |
| S/S of Pulmonary embolism, small, large, massive | small- chest pain, cough, SOB. Large- chest pain increasing, tachypnea, SOB suddenly, hemoptysis, anxiety, tachycardia. massive- sever chest pain, Low BP, rapid week pulse, loss of concessions |
| Fat emboli | piece of fat blocking pulmonary artery |
| how to diagnosis a Pulmonary embolism | ventilation perfusion scan, MRI of chest. CT angiography |
| Treatment for pulmonary embolism | supplemental oxygen, heparin blood thiner, meds to prevent clots, mechanical ventilation, embolectomy surgeon removes clot. |
| Atelectasis | non aeration- no air passing through leading to decreased gas exchange. collapses of the alveoli. decreases ability to inflate lung could cause necrosis |
| what can cause Atelectasis? | edema or respiratory distress syndrome. postoperative from anesthesia |
| S/S of Atelectasis | asymptomatic, SOB, increased HR and respiratory rate, abnormal breaths, chest pain |
| Treatment of Atelectasis | turn cough deep breath. forced coughing, change positions |
| Pleural effusion | excessive fluid in the plural cavity. not allowing the lung to expand as it should |
| hemothroax | the fluid in the plural space is blood |
| empyema | the fluid is purulent from infection like pneumonia |
| S/S of plural effusion | dyspnea, chest pain, increased respiratory rate, tachycardia, absent of breath sounds, tracheal deviation to once side, HTP |
| Pleurisy | cyclic pleuritic pain and friction run as swollen membranes move against each other during respiratory movements |
| Treatment of plural effusion | Thoracentesis- needle in back to remove fluid. chest tub to drain the fluid by gravity |
| Pneumothorax | air in the plural cavity causing separation preventing lung expansion causing lungs to collapse |
| closed Pneumothorax | when air enters in a plural cavity through an opening internally and not the outside of the body. |
| Open Pneumothorax | when atmospheric air enters through the chest wall with an opening on the outside of the body. stab wound |
| Tension Pneumothorax | most serious. one way valve effect and opening gets bigger when breathing in and sealed off when exhaling so cant get rid of that air. trachea shifts to the good side |
| S/S Pneumothorax | SOB, cough, chest pain, reduced breath sounds, unequal chest expansion, hypoxia |
| Treatment of Pneumothorax | transports to hospital ASAP, open should be cover with an occlusive dressing, possible chest tub, penetrating object should not be removed until medical assistance is there |
| Fail chest | fracture's of the thorax or sternum ribs. loss of the chest wall. when breathing the broken part of the ribs will move opposite then normal |
| Treatment of flail chest | Stabilizing the flail section with a flat heavy object limiting the outward movement of the thorax until surgical repair. |
| Acute Respiratory Distress syndrome (ARDS) | injury to the wall of the alveoli wall and papillary membranes. releasing chemicals- increased permeability and fluid, protein, damage to surfactant producing cells. decreased diffusion of oxygen, blood flow to lungs, and difficulty expanding lungs |
| Microthrombi | tiny blood clots, causing stiffness. If patient survives necrosis and fibrosis through out the lungs. |
| S/S of Acute Respiratory Distress syndrome (ARDS) | SOB, restless, rapid shallow respiration, tachycardia, ABG decrease oxygen, rails, productive cough, frothy sputum |
| Treatment of Acute Respiratory Distress syndrome (ARDS) | supplemental oxygen, ventilated, high fatality rate. |
Created by:
mmarino2