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Stack #4506444
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Weathering | The breaking down of rock into smaller pieces called sediment. |
| Erosion | When sediment is being moved from where it was weathered from. |
| Deposition | When material is deposited after it has been eroded away. |
| 4 factors that influence W.E.D. | Water, ice, gravity, wind. |
| Cut bank | Where erosion increases on the OUTSIDE of a meander because water speeds up. |
| Point bar | Where deposition happens on the inside of a meander because water slows down. |
| Delta | A deposit of sediment caused by a river / stream entering a larger body of water and slowing down the flow of the original water. |
| Alluvial Fan | A deposit caused by water slowing as the gradient of a hill or mountain flattens out slowing the water. |
| Gradient | How steep or flat a section of land is. |
| Load | The amount of sediment carried by a moving river / stream |
| Discharge Rate | The amount of water that a river or stream carries in a given time. |
| Oxbow Lake | A crescent or U-shaped body of water formed when a meander of a river is cut off from the main channel due to erosion and sediment deposition resulting in a new, shorter river path and abandonment of the curved meander. |
| Meander | A windy curve or bend in a river or road. |
| Till | A rock material that is transported by a glacier, deposited from the ice and / or running water that comes from the ice. |
| Erratic | Boulders made out of bedrock that are carried and brought to a destination by ice, deposited somewhere else. |
| Moraine | The accumulation of rock debris and sediment, carried and deposited by an active glacier or ice sheet. |
| Esker | Ridges that are made out of sand and gravel. This glacial landform is deposited by a meltwater stream flowing inwards, onwards or beneath a certain glacier or ice sheet. |
| Glacial grooves | Expansive channels carved into bedrock by rocks and debris, right by the base of a moving glacier. (Like striations.) |
| Outwash | A deposit of sand and gravel carried by running water, which is from the melting of ice coming from a glacier. The general area is flat and broad. |
| Kettle lake | A hole in an outwash plain. Its formation is caused by retreating glaciers / draining floodwaters. |
| Striation | Parallel scratches made into bedrock by rocks and sediment, carried by a moving glacier. (Like glacial grooves.) |
| Legend | Explains symbols used on the map. |
| Index contours | Contour lines that are labeled to help you find the contour interval. |
| Benchmark | A point where the exact elevation is known and marked with a brass or aluminum plate. It is marked BM on the map with the elevation numbers given in feet. |
| Hachure lines | Regular contour lines with small segments sticking out from it. |
| Contour lines | Lines that connect points that are of the same elevation. |
| Contour interval | The difference of elevation between two contour lines that are side by side. |
| Map scale | The comparison of distances on the map with distances on Earth. |
| Topographic / contour map | The showcase of Earth's surface and its shape, with lines that represent the different elevations. (How high and low the ground is to sea level, which is 0) |
| Topography | The shape and size of the land features on Earth. |
| Elevation | The vertical distance of a point or feature on the Earth's surface. |
| Relief | Differences in elevation or the overall shape and unevenness in Earth's surface |
| Profile | A characteristic of an object and/or system on land that is a certain direction from a lake, river or landform. |
| Gentle slope | A gradual surface of land that is the opposite of a steep slope. A slow, steady and unnoticeable change in elevation. |
| Steep slope | A hillside or roofline of land that is the opposite of a gentle slope. A fast, noticeable change in elevation. |
| V's at the stream | The indication with arrows that resembles whether or not a direction is uphill or downhill. |
| Core | At the center of the Earth; innermost and has both an inner and outer core. (Most of the time it's solid, but has an aforementioned liquid outer core.) |
| Mantle | A layer within the Earth's interior, particularly between the crust and the core. (Also the thickest layer, flows under pressure.) |
| Inner core | A solid, innermost layer that consists of iron and nickel. (Has a liquid counterpart.) |
| Outer core | A fluid, molten layer that is located between the solid inner core and the mantle. (Responsible for Earth's magnetic field.) |
| Asthenosphere | The upper layer of Earth's mantle, located below the lithosphere. Usually has convection activity. |
| Lithosphere | A rigid outer part of the Earth, with the asthenosphere being located above it. This layer consists of the crust and upper mantle. |
| Mesosphere | The coldest layer of the atmosphere, but not bunched with the crust, mantle, outer and inner core. |
| Crust | The planet's outermost layer, being a composition of rocks and minerals. |
| Subduction zone | When oceanic crust is more dense than continental crust, sinking beneath it. |
| Continental crust | The thick part of the Earth's crust that forms large landmasses. |
| Seismic waves | Vibrations that travel throughout Earth's layers, caused by earthquake and volcanic activity. (Man-made explosions can be a potential cause as well.) |
| Which of the following correctly lists Earth's layers from the innermost layer to the outermost layer? | Inner core, outer core, mantle, crust |
| Which of the following correctly lists Earth's layers from coldest to hottest? | Crust, mantle, outer core, inner core. |
| Which of the following best explains why Earth's inner core is solid? | High pressure. |
| As you travel further into the Earth, the pressure _______. | Increases. |
| Which layer is a solid metal ball made of mostly nickel and iron? | The inner core. |
| Continental drift | The separation of a supercontinent that leads to the creation of multiple continents. They "look more like a puzzle", and is a theory made by Alfred Wagener. |
| What are the four pieces of evidence that makes continental drift true? | Puzzle-fit pieces, fossils, rocks, and glaciers. |
| Pangaea | A massive landmass (supercontinent) that departed into several different continents, supporting and forming the theory of continental drift. |
| What are the three pieces of evidence that makes heat within Earth's interior true? | Collisions, gravity, and radioactive decay. |
| What are the three pieces of evidence that make sea-floor spreading true? | Occurrence at divergent plate boundary, pillow / marshmallow lava, and magnetic reversal. |
| What are the compositional layers? | Continental crust, oceanic crust, the mantle and the core. |
| What are the mechanical layers? | The lithosphere, the mesosphere, and the asthenosphere.(Containing convection currents.) |
| The hypothesis that continents move slowly is called continental ______. | Continental drift. |
| All continents once might have been connected in a large landmass called ______. | Pangaea. |
| The cycle of heating, rising, cooling and sinking is a ________ current. | Convection. |
| Just below Earth's crust is the _____. | Mantle. |
| The crust and the part of the upper mantle are known as the _______. | Lithosphere. |
| Continental plates move on the plastic-like layer of Earth's surface called the ______. | Asthenosphere. |
| Hot magma forced upward at mid-ocean ridges produces seafloor ______. | Seafloor spreading. |
| Sections of Earth's crust and part of the upper mantle are called ______. | Plates. |
| The theory that Earth's crust and upper mantle are in sections that move is called plate _____. | Plate tectonics. |
| Harry Hess | A scientist who used data from echo-sounding devices to help map the ocean floor and develop the theory of "seafloor spreading". |
| Convection currents are caused by _____'s ________ _______ ______. | Earth's internal thermal energy. |
| Convection currents act like ______. | Conveyor belts. |
| Divergent boundaries | Tectonic plates pulling apart from each other, causing normal faults. |
| Convergent boundaries | The involvement of plates moving together, causing reverse faults. |
| Transform boundaries | The formation of plates moving past each other, causing strike-slip faults. |
| Normal faults | When the hanging wall moves downward to the footwall. |
| Strike-slip faults | When the hanging wall and footwall move horizontally past each other. |
| Reverse faults | When the hanging wall moves up and over the footwall. |
| Shear stress | A measure of force acting parallel to a material's surface, causing layers to slide past one another. |
| Tension | The stretching of something; a pulling force transmitted along a string, rope, chain or rod. |
| Compression | The reduction in volume; squeezing something together by applying pressure, which reduces its volume or size. |
| Hanging wall | The piece of rock that hangs above the fault. |
| Footwall | The piece of rock that you would walk on below the fault. |
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