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Term 5 Disease
Vectors,Mosquito Cycle,Pathogens, Vector Control
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the definition of disease according to the Oxford Concise Medical Dictionary? | A disease is a condition that interferes with the normal functioning of the body and has clear signs and causes. |
| Why is understanding diseases important for humans? | It allows early treatment, prevention of spread, and improves life expectancy and quality of life. |
| Why is understanding diseases in animals important? | It prevents zoonoses (animal-to-human diseases) and maintains healthy farming systems. |
| Why is understanding diseases in plants important? | It ensures better crop yield, prevents food shortages, and maintains food security. |
| What are infectious diseases? | Diseases caused by pathogens that can be passed from one host to another. |
| List four types of pathogens. | Bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa. |
| What is a pathogenic disease? | A disease caused by microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or protozoa that invade the body, disrupt normal function, and may spread between hosts. |
| Give an example of a pathogenic disease. | Tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. |
| What is the cause, treatment, and control of tuberculosis? | Cause: Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Treatment: Long-term antibiotic regimen; Control: BCG vaccination in infancy. |
| What are non-infectious diseases? | Diseases not caused by pathogens but by malfunction of the body. |
| List the three groups of non-infectious diseases. | Deficiency diseases, hereditary diseases, physiological diseases. |
| What is a deficiency disease? | A disorder caused by insufficient intake or absence of essential nutrients. |
| Give an example of a deficiency disease. | Scurvy due to lack of vitamin C. |
| What is the cause of scurvy? | Lack of vitamin C which is needed for collagen synthesis. |
| How is scurvy treated? | By immediate intake of vitamin C supplements or natural sources such as citrus fruits. |
| How can scurvy be prevented? | Through nutrition education and making proper food choices. |
| What is a hereditary disease? | A disease passed genetically from parent to offspring due to mutations in DNA. |
| Give an example of a hereditary disease. | Sickle cell anaemia. |
| What causes sickle cell anaemia? | A genetic mutation that causes red blood cells to form an abnormal sickle shape. |
| How is sickle cell anaemia treated? | With folic acid supplements and supportive care to improve red blood cell production. |
| How can sickle cell anaemia be controlled? | Through early screening at birth and careful medical monitoring. |
| What is a physiological disease? | A malfunction of a body system or organ not caused by pathogens or inheritance but due to internal imbalances. |
| Give an example of a physiological disease. | Diabetes mellitus. |
| What causes diabetes mellitus? | The body becomes resistant to insulin or does not produce enough insulin. |
| How is diabetes mellitus treated? | With medication such as metformin to regulate blood sugar. |
| How can diabetes mellitus be controlled? | By a healthy diet low in sugar, refined carbohydrates, and saturated fats, but high in fibre. |
| Where can pathogens be found in everyday life? | On clothes, skin, money, food, water, and contaminated surfaces. |
| How can pathogens enter the body? | By touching mouth, nose, or wounds after contact with contaminated surfaces, by eating/drinking contaminated items, or through cuts. |
| How are airborne diseases transmitted? | Through droplets or aerosols released when infected people cough, sneeze, or breathe near others. |
| What is a vector? | An organism that carries and transmits pathogens between hosts without being harmed itself. |
| Give two examples of vector-borne diseases and their vectors. | Malaria transmitted by female Anopheles mosquitoes; cholera/typhoid can be mechanically transmitted by flies. |
| What is the life cycle type of mosquitoes like Anopheles? | Complete metamorphosis with four stages: egg, larva, pupa, adult. |
| Where are mosquito eggs laid and how long do they take to hatch? | Laid on stagnant or slow-moving water surfaces; they hatch within about 1–3 days depending on temperature. |
| How can mosquito eggs be controlled? | Eliminate standing water, empty containers, cover water storage, and drain puddles. |
| Where do mosquito larvae live and how do they behave? | They live just below the water surface, wriggle to swim, feed on microorganisms, and surface to breathe. |
| How can mosquito larvae be controlled? | Introduce larva-eating fish (e.g., Gambusia) to ponds, use larvicides, and remove breeding habitats. |
| What is the pupa (tumbler) stage like for mosquitoes? | A non-feeding, active stage that floats near the surface and tumbles when disturbed before emerging as an adult. |
| How can mosquito pupae be controlled? | Cover water containers tightly to reduce oxygen exchange, remove breeding water, or treat breeding sites. |
| Where do adult mosquitoes live and what is their behaviour? | Adults rest in dark, humid areas near breeding sites; females bite to obtain blood for egg production while males feed on nectar. |
| How can adult mosquitoes be controlled? | Use insecticide-treated bed nets, indoor residual spraying, and reduce resting sites near homes. |
| What is AIDS? | Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, the advanced stage of HIV infection characterized by severe weakening of the immune system. |
| What virus causes AIDS? | Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). |
| How does HIV weaken the immune system? | By infecting and destroying key white blood cells (especially CD4+ T lymphocytes), impairing immune responses. |
| Which body fluids commonly contain HIV? | Blood, semen, vaginal fluids, and breast milk. |
| List the main routes of HIV transmission. | Unprotected sexual intercourse, contaminated blood transfusions, sharing contaminated needles, and mother-to-child transmission during childbirth or breastfeeding. |
| How can HIV/AIDS be prevented? | Practice safe sex (use condoms), screen blood supplies, avoid sharing needles, provide antiretroviral therapy to mothers, and use harm-reduction programs. |
| What is syphilis and what causes it? | A sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. |
| How does syphilis enter and spread in the body? | Enters via small cuts or abrasions, spreads via the bloodstream to infect organs if untreated. |
| How can syphilis be controlled and prevented? | Use condoms, limit sexual partners, screen donated blood, and treat infected people with appropriate antibiotics. |
| How does blood help protect the body via clotting? | Platelets aggregate and form a clot at damaged vessels, preventing excessive bleeding and blocking pathogen entry through wounds. |
| What are the two main types of white blood cells described and their roles? | Phagocytes engulf and digest pathogens; lymphocytes produce antibodies and coordinate specific immune responses. |
| How do phagocytes defend the body? | They engulf (phagocytose) and destroy invading microorganisms and cellular debris. |
| How do lymphocytes contribute to immunity? | They produce antibodies (B lymphocytes) and provide cell-mediated responses (T lymphocytes) to target specific pathogens. |
| What is natural (innate) immunity? | The inborn, non-specific defenses (physical, chemical, and cellular) that protect the body against many pathogens without prior exposure. |
| What is a communicable disease? | A disease that can be transmitted from one person to another or from animals to humans, usually caused by pathogens. |
| Give three ways communicable diseases can spread. | Direct contact (touch, sexual contact, body fluids), indirect contact (contaminated surfaces, fomites), and via the air (droplets/aerosols). |
| What is immunisation? | The process of protecting people from disease by administering vaccines that stimulate the immune system to produce protective antibodies. |
| How do vaccines work? | They introduce weakened, inactivated, or parts of a pathogen to trigger the immune system to make antibodies and memory cells without causing the full disease. |
| List three benefits of immunisation. | Prevents serious illness and death, reduces disease spread in the population (herd immunity), and protects those who cannot be vaccinated. |
| Why is screening blood before transfusion important? | To prevent transmission of blood-borne infections such as HIV and syphilis to recipients. |
| What is drug abuse? | The harmful or excessive use of legal or illegal substances that damages physical health, behaviour, and social functioning. |
| Give physiological effects of drug abuse. | Damage to major organs (brain, heart, liver, lungs), weakened immune system, risk of addiction, and mental health problems like anxiety and depression. |
| Give social effects of drug abuse. | Family conflict, poor school or job performance, involvement in crime, social isolation, and stigma. |
| Give economic effects of drug abuse. | Money spent on drugs instead of needs, increased medical costs, loss of income, and greater government spending on healthcare and crime prevention. |
| How can diseases in plants and animals affect society? | They can cause food shortages, malnutrition, loss of farmers’ income, community stress, job loss, and reduced quality of life. |
| How can diseases in plants and animals affect the economy? | They can reduce crop yields and livestock production, raise food prices, increase production costs, cause loss of export markets and trade bans, and require government spending to control outbreaks. |
| Why do outbreaks lead to loss of export markets? | Because importing countries may ban products from affected areas to avoid introducing pests or diseases, reducing trade and foreign earnings. |
| Name simple control measures for communicable disease spread in communities. | Good sanitation, hand washing, safe food and water handling, vaccination programs, vector control, and health education. |
| Why is covering water storage important for mosquito control? | It prevents mosquitoes from laying eggs in stored water and reduces larval habitat. |
| What role do larva-eating fish play in mosquito control? | They eat mosquito larvae, reducing the number that mature into biting adults. |
| How does indoor residual spraying reduce malaria risk? | It deposits insecticide on indoor walls where mosquitoes rest, killing or repelling them and lowering transmission. |
| What is the public health value of herd immunity? | When a high percentage of the population is immune (via vaccination or prior infection), disease spread is limited and vulnerable individuals are indirectly protected. |
| Why is nutrition education important in controlling deficiency diseases? | Because it teaches people to choose foods that provide essential nutrients, preventing deficiencies like scurvy. |
| What does screening at birth for hereditary conditions accomplish? | Early detection allows monitoring, early treatment, counselling, and measures to reduce complications. |
| What are common public-health strategies to reduce transmission of STDs? | Sex education, condom distribution/promotions, routine screening and treatment services, reducing stigma, and safe blood transfusion screening. |
| How does the immune system “remember” pathogens after vaccination or infection? | Memory B and T lymphocytes persist after exposure, allowing faster and stronger responses on re-exposure. |
| What are examples of direct contact transmission? | Touching infected skin lesions, sexual intercourse, or exchange of bodily fluids. |
| What are examples of indirect contact transmission? | Touching doorknobs, money, contaminated instruments, or surfaces (fomites) that carry pathogens. |
| Give two reasons why drug abuse increases economic burden on governments. | Higher healthcare costs for treatment and rehabilitation; increased spending on policing and criminal justice. |
| What household actions reduce vector-borne disease risk? | Remove standing water, keep yards tidy, cover water containers, screen windows/doors, and use bed nets. |
| Why is early treatment of infectious diseases important for public health? | It reduces complications, shortens infectious period, and lowers the chance of spread to others. |
| What is the role of platelets in blood clotting? | Platelets adhere to damaged vessel walls, aggregate, and help form a fibrin clot to stop bleeding. |
| How can contaminated needles lead to disease spread? | They transfer blood-borne pathogens directly from one person’s bloodstream to another, enabling infections like HIV and hepatitis. |
| What is an example of physiological control for diabetes beyond medication? | Dietary management, regular physical activity, weight control, and blood glucose monitoring. |
| How do trade bans during animal/plant disease outbreaks affect local farmers? | They reduce market access, lower incomes, and may force culls or destruction of produce/animals causing financial loss. |
| How does weakened immunity from HIV increase risk of other infections? | With fewer functional immune cells, opportunistic infections and normally harmless organisms can cause severe disease. |
| What is the significance of identifying vector habitats in disease control? | Targeting habitats allows targeted removal or treatment of breeding sites, reducing vector populations and disease transmission. |
| How does public education help control infectious disease? | It raises awareness of prevention methods (hygiene, vaccination, vector control), encourages early care-seeking, and reduces risky behaviour. |
| How does screening and treating blood for transfusions protect recipients? | It detects infected donations so they are not used, preventing transmission of blood-borne diseases. |
| Why is monitoring and surveillance important during disease outbreaks? | It detects new cases early, tracks spread, informs control actions, and measures intervention effectiveness. |
| How can communities reduce economic impacts after a crop disease outbreak? | Provide support to affected farmers, diversify crops, offer compensation schemes, and invest in disease-resistant varieties and better farming practices. |
| What are long-term benefits of vaccination programs for a country? | Lower disease burden, reduced healthcare costs, healthier workforce, improved child survival, and stronger economies. |
| How can stigma around diseases (e.g., HIV) harm public health efforts? | It discourages people from testing or seeking treatment, which increases undetected spread and delays care. |
| What is “vector control” in simple terms? | Methods used to reduce or eliminate organisms (like mosquitoes or flies) that transmit disease between hosts. |
| What immediate action should be done if someone is suspected of having a communicable disease? | Isolate appropriately, seek medical assessment and testing, follow public-health guidance on treatment and contact tracing. |
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