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Biology Chapter 3 No
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Carbon atoms covalently bonded form the what of a molecule | backbone of a organic compound |
| very simple carbon compounds aer considered what if carbon is not bonded to another carbon or hydrogen | inorganic |
| carbon dioxide is an example of what> | an inorganic compound |
| compounds with the samae molecular formulas but different stuctures | isomers |
| type of isomer in which compunds that differ in the covalent arragements of their atoms | structural isomers |
| compounds that are identical in the arrangement of their covelant bonds but different in the spatial arrangement of atoms or groups of atoms | geometric isomers |
| moleclues that are mirror images of each other | enantiomers |
| organic compounds consisting only of carbon and hydrogen. they can exist as unbrached or branched chains or as rings | hydrocarbons |
| true or false hydrocarbons are hydrophobic | True because the bonds between hydrogen and carbon are nonpolar |
| also called an R group. Groups of atoms that determine the types of chemical reactions and associations in which the compund participates. | Functional Groups |
| most readily form associations with other molecules | Functional Groups |
| polar and ionic functional groups are hydrophilic because tehy associate with water moecules | Functional Groups |
| the properties of the major classes of biologically important organic compunds:Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nuclesis acides are largely a consequence of tehtypes and arragement of the functional groups they contain | - |
| allow us to predict how an organic compunds will react chemically | funtional groups |
| the most common nonpolar hydrocarbon group. R-CH3 | methyl group |
| R-OH. Polar. If it replaces one hydrogen of a hydrocarbon the resulting molecule is an alchol. | hydroxyl group |
| consits of a carbon atom that has a double covalent vond with an oxugen atom. it is hydrophilic the position of it determines | carbonyl group |
| the carbonyl group is positioned atr the end of the carbon skeleton. R-CHO | aldehyde |
| has an internal carbonyl group. R-CO-R | ketone |
| R-COOH. wealky acidic and are essential consitituents of amino acids and of nucleic acids | amino group |
| R-PO4H2 weakly acidic. constituents of nucleic acids and certain lipids | phosphate group |
| helps stabilize internal structure of proteins | sulfhydryl |
| most macromolecules are what | polymers |
| polysaccharides made of only glucose monomers | starches |
| found in cell wall of cell plants we can't break it down passes as fiber | cellulose |
| means hydrate carbon, refects 2:1 ration of hydrogen to oxygen | carbohydrate |
| made of small monosaccharides easy for us to break down, quick energy, taste sweet | simple carbs |
| made of many many many monsaccharides, hard ro vreak down, wnergy will be avalible in 24 hrs. | complex carbs |
| intal breakdown of a complex carb is by waht | heat |
| engery in carbs comes from what | C-H bonds |
| a compound consisting of a backbone made up of carbon atoms | organic compound |
| a simple substance that does not contain a carbon backbone | inorganic compounds |
| group of atoms that confers distincitive properties or an organic molecules or regin of a molecute to which it is attached eg. hydroxul, corbonxy, carbonxy, amoino, phosphatem,and suflhydryl groups | functional group |
| an organic compound composed solely of hydrogen and carbon atoms | hydrocarbon |
| somewhat cohesive bcause the polar hydroxyl groups of adjacent molecules interact it is therefor liquid at room timemerature | alchol |
| an organic catalyst usually a portein that accelerates a specific chemcial reaction by lowering the activation energy required for that reaction | enzymes |
| a reaction in which tow monomer are combinded covalenty through the removal of the equivalent of a water molecule. | condensation |
| compound containing carbon, hydrogern, and oxygern in teh approximate ration fo C:2H:O eg. sugars, starch, and cellulose | carbohydrates |
| a sugar that cannot be degraded by hydrolysis to a simple sugar eg. glucose or fructose | monosaccharides |
| charbonydrate fragments that consist of short branch chains fo sugar molecules | oligosaccharides |
| a carbohydrate consisting of many monosaccharide subunits eg. starch glycogen, and cellulose | polysaccharides |
| the principal storage polysaccharide in animal cells formed from flucose and stored primarily in the liver and to a lesser in muscle cells | glycogen |
| a nitrogen containing strucal polysaccharide that forms teh exoskeleton fo insects and the cell walls of many fungi | chitin |
| economical form of reserve fuel stoarge because when metabolized they yeild more than twice as much energy per grams as do carbohydrates | fats |
| a lipid that is an oraginc acid containg a long hydrocarbon chain with no double bonds saurated fatty acid, one doube bond monoundsturated fatty acid, or two or more double bonds polyunsturated fatty acid, componets of triaculglycerols and phospholipids a | fatty acid |
| any of a group of orgain compounds that are insoulbe in water but soluble in nonopolar solvents. serve as energy storage and are important componets of cell membranes | lipids |
| contain the mazimum possible numver of hydrogen atoms | staurated fats |
| includ one or more adjacent pairs of carbon atoms joined bu a double bond | unsturated fats |
| the main storage lipid of \oranisms consisting of a glycerol combined chemically with three fatty acids. | triglycerides |
| lipids in which two fatty acids and a phosphorus containg group are attached to glycerol. major compents of cell membranes | phospholipids |
| complex molecules containing carbon atoms arranged in four attached rings three of which contain six carbon atoms each and fourth of which contains five | sterols |
| an essential structal componet of animal cell membranes | choesterol |
| a large complex organic compund composed of covalenty linked amino acid subunits. contains carbons, hydrogen, oxgen,nitrogen, and sulfur | proteins |
| an organic compound containg an amino group and a carboxyl group. may e joined by peptide bonds to form a polypeptide chain | amino acids |
| a compound consisiting of a chain of amino acid groups linked by peptide bonds. a dipeptide consists of two amino acids | polypeptide chaing |
| complete sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain, beggining at teh amino end and ending at teh corboxyl end | primary structure |
| a regular geometric shape produced by hydrogen bonding between the atoms of teh uniform polypeptide backbond. includes the alpha heliz and the betapleated sheet | secondary structure |
| a molecule built up from repeating subunits of the same genreal typpe. examples include proteins nucleic acids or polysaccharides | polymer |
| a molecule that can link with other similar molecules. two monomers join to form a dimer, wheras many form a plymer. they are small or large | monomers |
| reaction in which a covalent bond between two cumbunits is broken through the additon of the equivalent of a water molecule. a hydrogen atom is added to one sumbunit and a hydroxyl group to the other | hydrolysis |
| the overall three dimensional shape of a polypeptide that is determinded by interactions involcing the amino acids side chains | tertiary structure |
| the red iron containing protein pigement in vlood that transports oxugen and carbon dioxide and aids in regulation of pH | hemoglobin |
| a protein with covalentsy attached carbohydrates | glycoproteins |
| to alter the physical properties and three dimensional structure of a protein, nuvlic ascid, or thoer macromolecules by treating it with excess heat, strong acids, or strong bases | denaturation |
| a molecule consisting of oen or more phosphate groups a five carbon sugar and a cnitrogenous base | nuceclotides |
| an orgainc compound containing adenine ribose and three pgosphate groups of prime importance for energy transfers in cells | ATP |
| an organic confactor for an enzyme. generally participates in the reaction by transferring some component such as electrons or part of a suvstare molecule | coenzyme |
| a family of single stranded nucleic acids that function mainly in proten sunthesis | RNA |
| contain three to seen carbon items | monosaccharides |
| glucose most aboundant what> | monosaccharide |
| a hydroxyl group is attached to each carbon exvept the one containing the carbonyl group | monosaccharide |
| 3 carbon sugars are called... | trioses |
| 5 carbon sugars are called... | pentoses |
| 6 carbon sugars are called | hexoses |
| true or false: gluscose and fructose are strucutal isomer | true |
| fructose is a keton true or false | true |
| true or false glucose and flactose are aldehudes | true |
| two sugers, two monosaccaride rings by a glucosidic linkage | disaccharide |
| a central oxygen bonded to 2 carbons one in each ring | a glycosidic linkage |
| glucose+fructose= | sucrose, table sugar |
| glucose+glucose= | maltose, malt sugar |
| glucose= galacrose= | lactose, milk sugar |
| macromolecules consisting of repearing units of simple sugars glucose. | polysaccaride |
| most abundent carbohydrates and include starches, glycogen, and cellulose | polysaccaride |
| may be long simple chains or branched chains those that cna be broken down easily into subunits are well suited for energy storage | polysaccaride |
| used for energy storage in plants | starch |
| plants store excess glucose as... | starch |
| human store excess glucose as... | glycogen in the liver and muscle cells |
Created by:
gusher101