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Chemistry
Chapter 1-4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Chemistry | Study of the composition, properties, and behavior of matter |
| Matter | Anything with both mass and volume |
| Organic chemistry | substances containing Carbon |
| Inorganic chemistry | substances NOT containing Carbon |
| Analytical chemistry | Studying composition of substances |
| Physical chemistry | Behavior of substances |
| Materials | Development of materials for industrial and commercial purposes |
| Energy | Developing new forms of energy |
| Medicine | Development of drugs and genetic modification |
| Environment | fixing problems caused by short cited chemistry |
| Substance | Matter that has a uniform makeup |
| Physical | property of matter that can be measured without changing it's composition |
| solid | definite shape and volume |
| Liquid | Indefinite shape, definite volume |
| Gas | Indefinite shape and volume |
| Plasma | an electrically conductive, ionized gas made up of free-moving electrons and positively charged ions |
| Physical change | change that doesn't alter the chemical composition of matter |
| Heterogenous | Has different parts to it |
| Homogenous | uniform in composition |
| Element | cannot be separated into smaller component |
| Compound | can be separated into smaller components using reaction, requires energy |
| Chemical properties | Ability of a substance to undergo a chemical reaction, can only be observed when a chemical change happens |
| Chemical change | Energy is almost always given off or absorbed, products have diff. properties that reactants, hard to reverse |
| Conservation of mass | Quantity of matter in unchanged throughout any chemical reaction, matter cannot be created or destroyed |
| Element | Can't be broken down into smaller substances |
| Compound | Substances made of more than one element |
| Atom | Smallest partial of an element which retains the properties of that element |
| Protons | Positively charged, found in nucleus, defines atom |
| Neutrons | Neutrally charged, found in nucleus |
| Electrons | Negatively charged, circles nucleus, forms bonds with other atoms |
| Ion | atom that gained or lost an electron, + or - charge |
| Isotope | atom with varying number of electrons |
| Valence electrons | electrons in a atom's outermost energy level, atoms are most stable when they have the most valence electrons that they can have |
| Ionic bonds | between two atoms, one +, and one -, happens when one atom gives the other an electron |
| covalent bond | two atoms share electrons to form molecules, they can form multiple bonds. |
| polar molecules | atoms don't share bonds equally; one part is +and the other is -: eg water. |
| hydrogen bonds | weak interactions between hydrogen atoms: very important in organic chemistry. |
| 3 Measurements | Qualitative, Quantitative, and Scientific notation |
| Qualitative | Descriptive, non-numerical,(ex. color, texture) |
| Quantitative | Numerical data, (ex. 100 ____) |
| Scientific notation | Shorthand way of writing number, coefficient raised to the Nth power (ex. 36,000 equals 3.6 x 10^4 |
| Multiplication (sci notation) | Multiply the coefficient & add exponents |
| Division (sci notation) | Divide coefficient, & subtract exponent of denominator from exponent of numerator |
| Addition/Subtraction (sci notation) | make exponents the same , then add/subtract coefficient |
| Accuracy | how close the value is to a known number |
| Precision | how close the values obtained are to each other |
| Error | Accepted value - Experimental value |
| Percent error | (absolute value of error divided by accepted value)x 100 |
| Significant Figures | includes all values that are known, plus one that is estimated |
| Calculations with SigFigs | calculations can't be more precise than measurement |
| Addition subtraction (SigFigs) | round to same # of decimal places at measurement w/ least # of decimal places |
| Multiplication/Division (SigFigs) | Round to same # of sigfigs as measurement w/ least # sigfigs |
| SI unit 4 Length | Meter (m) |
| SI unit 4 Mass | Gram (g) |
| SI unit 4 Volume | Liter (mL) |
| SI unit 4 Density | Mass/Volume (g/cm^3) |
| SI unit 4 Specific Gravity | density of substance and boiling point of water |
| Temperature | Celsius (C), Kelvin (K) |
| 1 Kelvin is known as | Absolute Zero |
| C+273 equals | 1 Kelvin |
| Democritus | 1st to suggest existence of atoms |
| Delton's Atomic Theory #1 | 1.All elements made of atoms |
| Delton's Atomic Theory #2 | Atoms of same element are identical, dif. elements are dif. |
| Delton's Atomic Theory #3 | Atoms of dif. elements can combine in whole #'s 2 form compounds |
| Delton's Atomic Theory #4 | Chemical reactions occur when atoms of dif. elements combine/ separate/rearrange, but atoms of one element can't become atoms of another |
| Electrons | Negative charge, smallest part of atom |
| JJ Thomson | discovered electron using cathode rays |
| Protons | positive charge, found in nucleus |
| E. Goldstein | discovered Proton using cathode rays |
| Neutrons | Neutral charge, same mass as proton |
| James Chadwick | Discovered neutrons |
| Nucleus | central core of atom, dense, made up of protons & neutrons |
| Ernest Rutherford | Discovered Nucleus |
| Atomic # | # of protons in nucleus |
| Atomic mass | weighted average mass of all the naturally occurring isotopes of an element |
| Mass # | total count of protons and neutrons in a single atom's nucleus |
| Isotope | elements can have dif. # of neutrons |
Created by:
Meira L