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2236 week four
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| the rescorla-wagner model | prediction error the amount of learning that will occur in any one trial depends on how surprising the unconditioned stimulus is difference between the expected outcome and the actual outcome |
| change in associative strength (symbol) | associability or learning parameter magnitude of the US Current associative strength |
| what is extinction learning? | what happens if the expected outcome is omitted? negative prediction error: i expect something to happen and it doesn't... |
| extinction in classical conditioning | decrease in conditioned response as a result of CS-alone presentations |
| extinction in operant conditioning | mechanisms of extinction positive reinforcement conditioning, extinction |
| extinction is new inhibitory learning | scenario: fear of dogs conditioning: the person was bitten by a dog (unconditioned stimulus US) which caused fear (unconditioned response UR). now seeing a dog (conditioned stimulus CS) triggers fear (conditioned response CR) |
| extinction | the person undergoes exposure therapy where they repeatedly see dogs in a safe environment without any negative consequences. over time, their fear response diminishes |
| an extinguished response | can be retrieved under certain conditions |
| extinction does not erase a memory | recovery of responding after extinction occurs for classical conditioning and operant conditioning reinstatement renewal spontaneous recovery rapid reacquisition resurgence |
| reinstatement | occurs when the conditioned response CR returns after the unconditioned stimulus US is presented again, even without the conditioned stimulus CS |
| after therapy, person no longer afraid of dogs | however, if they experience a stressful event (eg hearing about a dog attack on the news) their fear of dogs may return, even without seeing a dog |
| reinstatement of classical conditioning | "reminding" the subject about the stimulus |
| reminder shock, conditioning and extinction | E-R |
| reminder shock, no conditioning | C-R |
| no reminder shock. conditioning and extinction | E-NR |
| no reminder shock, no conditioning | C-NR |
| reinstatement of operant conditioning | primed reinstatement |
| cue induced reinstatement | stimuli that presented during reinforced responses form associations with the reinforcer these stimuli can mediate responding after extinction stress induced reinstatement |
| renewal | renewal occurs when the conditioned response CR returns after extinction when the context changes |
| person successfully completes therapy in a clinic (context A) and no longer fears dogs | however, when they encounter a dog in a different context, such as park (context B) their fear response returns |
| renewal of classical conditioning | extinction is context specific (renewal) |
| generalisability of acquisition vs extinction | extinction is context specific - removal from extinction context -> renewal |
| acquisition is less context specific | will generalise across contexts |
| renewal of operant conditioning | AAA higher responding that extinguishes across session some between session recovery but this is almost gone by session 6 |
| ABA | initial responding is much lower at session 6, the return to original context causes renewal of responding |
| spontaneous recovery | SR is the reappearance of the conditioned response CR after a period of time has passed since extinction |
| after completing therapy, the person does not encounter dogs for several months | one day they see a dog and unexpectedly feel a surge of fear, even though they had previously extinguished this response |
| SR of classical conditioning | extinction dissapates over time time is a context |
| rapid reacquisition | faster relearning of the conditioned response after extinction when the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus are paired again |
| if the person starts to avoid dogs again and their fears return | they might undergo another round of therapy |
| this time, they relearn to not fear dogs much more quickly | than during the initial therapy sessions |
| rapid reacquisition (savings effect) | resurgence |
| resurgence | occurs when a previously extinguished behaviour reappears after a different behaviour that was reinforced during extinction is also extinguished |
| during therapy, the person learns to cope with their fear | practicing relaxation techniques, they stop using these techniques and face another stressful situation, their original fear of dogs might resurface |
| resurgence explained | reinforcement of competing behaviour during extinction original learning is masked by new response when contingencies change, original response is retrieved |
| extinction is not forgetting! | conditioned response is not erased after extinction |
| extinguished fear responses | often recover without any additional CS-US retraining |
| this is because extinction learning and memory | closely tied to the context where extinction occurred |
| the original CS-US memory | is less context dependent - more likely to generalise to a different context |
| theories of extinction | unlearning or erasure of the CS-US association new learning of a second, competing association that inhibits the expression of the original association |
| extinction creates ambiguity | the meaning of the CS depends on its context only occurs if both tone and context are active (present) context helps to disambiguate the situation: will I or wont I get shocked ? |
| extinction creates ambiguity part two | occasion setters cue induced reinstatement |
| effect of extinguishing the stimulus | REDUCING RELAPSE BY EXTINGUISHING THE CUE (NOT THE RESPONSE) |
| Extinction of operant condition is complex | EXTINCTION OF OPERANT CONDITIONING HAS MANY COMPONENTS |
| Extinction by contingency degradation | if the CS reliably predicts the absence of the US, then the CS and US are negatively correlated |
| extinction by reducing the reinforcer | extinction by punishing the response e by providing an alternate reinforcer self choice self admission chamber |
| why would we study extinction ? | 1. to understand how we learn about our environment, to understand how we learn about changes to our environment |
| 2. to understand anxiety | uncontrollable fear in non threatening situations exposure therapy is extinction |
| reinstatement model of relapse | chamber/context cue light drug paired lever inactive lever |
| addiction is learning about drugs | extinction can be used to change drug seeking behaviour reinstatement can be used to model relapse |
| extinction in the clinic | CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF EXTINCTION reduce unwanted behaviours problems with extinction as an intervention |
| reduce unwanted behaviours | conduct disorder and other disruptive behaviours substance use disorder, gambling use disorder |
| problems with extinction as an intervention | what is the reinforcer ? are there more than one reinforcers ? what is being extinguished ? extinction burst extinguished behaviours can return |
| consolidation and reconsolidation | consolidation formation of memory occur within a specific time window can be disrupted - propanalol, protein synthesis inhibitors |
| reconsolidation | each time a memory is reactivated, it is reconsolidated can be disrupted |
| disruption of reconsolidation using extinction | retrieval extinction procedure decreases expression of learned fear |
| retrieval extinction procedure | decreases drug craving in response to cues |
| extinction | reduction in a learned behaviour |
| extinction is not | erasure of original learning and original learning can be retrieved |
| extinction is also not | spontaneous recovery (after passage of time) reinstatement (through no contingent exposure of the reinforcer) renewal (through change of context) |
| See | resurgence, cue induced reinstatement, stress induced reinstatement and rapid reacquisition |
| extinction used | reduce inappropriate fear/anxiety, eliminate unwanted behaviours, help reduce craving when treating substance use disorder (not very effective) |
| after extinction | the CS or response has two meaning, context is often used to disambiguate these |
| mechanisms of extinction - operant responding by many different aspects | associations btwn the response and the outcome (R-O) associations btwn discrete cues and the outcome (S-O) associations btwn discrete cues and the response (S-R) associations btwn the context, outcome and response (occassion setting) |
| omitting the outcome is not only way of changing behaviour | change the magnitude of reinforcer, add a punishment, provide an alternative reinforcer |
Created by:
brendonpizarro1