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Louis XVI
Definitions
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| ancien regime | the way France is run before the revolution |
| absolutist monarch | a ruler who has unrestricted political power over a state and its citizens. Was Louis this before 1789? |
| factions | political groups which competed with one another for advantages |
| pensions | regular sums of money granted by the King as a sign of ‘favour’ |
| sinecures | incomes attached to offices that were either honorary or required very little input from the recipient |
| contracts | favours to undertake a project giving the recipient the opportunity to make money |
| gratituties | ‘free gifts’ |
| patronage | the provision of appointments to offices and the granting of privileges |
| despot | a ruler who ignores or abuses the law, behaving in an arbitrary fashion ( do whatever you fancy) - was Louis this or not? |
| lettre de cachet | a letter bearing the royal seal or ‘cachet’ by which the King could order imprisonment. Their use had been abused during the reign of Louis XVI - they were provided, already signed, for others to complete. |
| Conseil d'Etat | this dealt with major issues of state and foreign affairs |
| Council des Depeches | this received despatches from the King’s officials in the provinces and dealt with Church affairs |
| Conseil royal des finances | this managed state finances and household costs; from 1787 it also handled economic policy, which had previously been run by a separate council |
| venality | when you buy your job |
| provinces | regions roughly equivalent to the historic counties of England ( eg. Yorkshire) each with its own traditions and institutions |
| pays d'etats | regions where representative assemblies had retained the right to negotiate on the raising of taxes with the royal intendants; the assembly kept part of the taxes raised to fund public-spending ( eg. road building) in the region |
| royal intendants | the people who were responsible for overseeing and enforcing the king’s will |
| municipal administration | the management and governance of a local area or city |
| seigneurs | land owning nobles |
| dogma | belief or principle that has been asserted as true without question |
| mercantilism | this involved strict state regulation of the economy- for example creating trading companies with monopolies and using taxes ( particularly duties on imports) to regulate trade |
| laissez-faire | a concept of limited government intervention so that the economy is driven by fair competition and by ‘natural laws’ of supply and demand |
| salon | salone ( a large reception hall in Italian mansions ), this refers to a gathering of educated and interesting people at the home of a host, who chose the company carefully in order to increase and refine the knowledge of those participating |
| free masonry | a fraternal and charitable organisation whose members were pledged ( through secret rights and rituals ) to brotherly love, faith and charity; members tended to come from the wealthy sector of society |
| coup d'etat | an illegal seizure of power, usually by violent means |
| remonstrance | a document send by a parlement to the monarch protesting against a riyal decree or details of that decree |
| lit de justice | a royal session of the Paris Parlement for the compulsory registration of royal edicts; literally, a 'bed of justice', the name derives from the portable canopied throne created for this ceremony in the 14th century |
| secular | 'earthly'- not religious or spiritual |
| direct taxes | taxes taken directly from individuals, often according to their wealth or possessions, in contrast, indirect taxes are taxes on goods or services |
| unearned income | earnings from rents or investments |
| the terror | a term used by historians to describe the period of the French Revolution between Sep 1793- July 1794 when the leading revolutionaries ruled by fear and anyone considered a threat to the regime was ruthlessly executed |
| don gratuit | 'a voluntary gift', paid by the Church every 5 years amounting to approximately 2% of the Church's total revenue, the Chruch had won the right to offer this in lieu of taxation |
| royal domain | consisted of the lands and rights (tolls and taxes from these estates) that belonged directly to the King |
| livre | french currency at the start of the eighteenth century. 40 french livres were equivalent to £3 |
| balance of payments | the difference in value between the income (revenue) and expenditure (outgoing) of a country |
Created by:
rosielottie