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Vn07/8
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Oma | Suffix meaning swelling or tumour |
| All blood cells are derived from ….. | Stem cells |
| Haemolytic anaemia | RBCs destroyed quicker than body can replace |
| How many chromosomes do dogs have? | 78 (39) pairs |
| How many chromosomes do cats have? | 38 (19pairs) |
| How many chromosomes do guinea pigs have? | 64 (32 pairs) |
| How many chromosomes do rabbits have? | 44 (22 pairs) |
| Breed male dog at what age | No leas than 12 months Seminal quality deteriorates from 7 years onwards |
| When breed female dog | Come into season once every 12-18 months (big dogs) 6months (small dogs) Wait until at least 2 years old |
| The ovary is stimulated by what hormone to start the pro-oestrus phase? | Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) |
| What hormone stimulates ovulation? | Luteinising hormone (LH) |
| Percentage of water in body split between what groups | Intracellular fluid Extracellular fluid- plasma, interstitial fluid and transcellular fluid |
| Percentages of fluid distribution - intracellular | 40% |
| Extracellular | 20% |
| Plasma | 5 |
| Interstitial fluid | 15% |
| Transcellular fluid | Less than 1% |
| Dogs and cats need … ml/kg/day | 50 |
| Rabbits need ….. ml/kg/day | 80-100 |
| What is Intracellular fluid? | Fluid inside cells- cytoplasm |
| What is extracellular fluid? | Fluid outside cells |
| What is interstitial fluid? | Fluid in between small spaces between each cell membrane |
| What is intravascular fluid? | Plasma |
| What is transcellular fluid? | Fluid from other areas- lymph fluid, synovial (joint) fluid, cerebrospinal fluid |
| What is osmosis? | Passive movement of water molecules from a solution of low electrolyte concentration to solution of high electrolyte concentration across a semi-permeable membrane (spm). |
| Diffusion definition | Passive process whereby electrolytes pass from solution of high electrolyte concentration to a solution of low electrolyte concentration |
| Active transport definition | Movement of electrolytes against an osmotic gradient. Cells use energy to transport electrolytes from low concentration to high concentration |
| Solution definition | Minerals dissolved in water |
| Electrolyte definition | Solutions containing free ions (eg. Sodium, potassium, chloride) which conduct electricity and have positive or negative charge. Number of electrolytes present determines concentration of solution |
| Ion definition | Atom or molecule with a net electrical charge |
| Anion definition | Ion with negative charge |
| Cation definition | Ion with positive charge |
| Cathode | Negative |
| Anode | Positive |
| Isotonic definition | Fluids same either side of semi- permeable membrane |
| Hypertonic definition | Fluid has higher osmotic pressure than plasma |
| Hypotonic definition | Fluid has lower osmotic pressure than plasma |
| Terms acidity and alkalinity refer to concentration of | Hydrogen ions |
| Normal blood pH | 7.4 (7.35-7.45) |
| Acute V+ causes a loss of what ions | Hydrogen ions |
| A loss of hydrogen atoms can lead to | Metabolic alkalosis - due to loss of gastric secretions which are rich in hydrochloric acid |
| D+ causes loss of what ions | Bicarbonate ions |
| A loss of bicarbonate ions can lead to | Metabolic acidosis |
| Hyperchloraemia is accociated with metabolic …….. | (High chloride) acidosis |
| Hypochloraemia is associated with metabolic …….. | (Low chloride) Alkalosis |
| Dehydration definition | Decrease in the total body water content from all body compartments |
| 2 types of dehydration and definition | Primary water depletion -loss of pure water / lack of water intake eg lack of water availability, prolonged inability to drink. Mixed water depletion - more common -loss of water and electrolytes eg V+, D+, third space fluid losses, draining wounds |
| Clinical signs of dehydration | Dry mm, reduced skin turgid, increased HR, weak pulses, collapse, shock, dull demeanour, lethargy |
| What percentage of dehydration are these clinical signs? - no detectable clinical signs - increased urine concentration | <5% |
| What percentage of dehydration are these clinical signs? - subtle loss of skin elasticity (tenting) | 5-6% |
| What percentage of dehydration are these clinical signs? -marked loss of skin elasticity -slightly sunken eyes -dry mm | 6-8% |
| What percentage of dehydration are these clinical signs? -tented skin stays in place - sunken eyes, protruded 3rd eyelid -dry mm - progressive signs of shock | 10-12% |
| What percentage of dehydration are these clinical signs? - no detectable clinical signs - increased urine concentration | <5% |
| What percentage of dehydration are these clinical signs? - subtle loss of skin elasticity (tenting) | 5-6% |
| What percentage of dehydration are these clinical signs? -marked loss of skin elasticity -slightly sunken eyes -dry mm | 6-8% |
| What percentage of dehydration are these clinical signs? -tented skin stays in place - sunken eyes, protruded 3rd eyelid -dry mm - progressive signs of shock | 10-12% |
| What percentage of dehydration are these clinical signs? - no detectable clinical signs - increased urine concentration | <5% |
| What percentage of dehydration are these clinical signs? - subtle loss of skin elasticity (tenting) | 5-6% |
| What percentage of dehydration are these clinical signs? -marked loss of skin elasticity -slightly sunken eyes -dry mm | 6-8% |
| What percentage of dehydration are these clinical signs? -tented skin stays in place - sunken eyes, protruded 3rd eyelid -dry mm - progressive signs of shock | 10-12% |
| Normal body water losses with amount | Respiration + sweating - 20mls/kg Urinary- 20mls/kg Faecal- 10ml/kg |
| Abnormal body water losses | Vomiting Diarrhoea Blood swab Surgery |
| Fluid calculation for vomiting | 4mls/kg/per vomit |
| Fluid calculation for diarrhoea | 4mls/kg/ per episode (per 200ml/kg/day) |
| Fluid calculation for blood saturated swab | 10ml/ per swab |
| Fluid calculation for surgery/ ga losses | 5ml/kg/hr |
| Drops on standard giving set | 20 drops/ml |
| Drops on paediatric giving set | 60 drops/ml |
| You've been asked to calculate the fluid rate for a 20kg dog at twice maintenance over 12 hours with 5 episodes of diarrhoea | 20(kgs) x 50 (mls/kg/24hrs) = 1000mls / 24hrs x2 (twice maintenance) = 2000mls / 24hrs + 5 episodes x (4mls x 20kg) = 2400mls / 24hrs ÷ 12 (hrs) = 200mls / hr ÷ 60 (mins) = 3.3mls / min x 20 (giving set factor drops/ml) = 66.6 drops / min |
| 5% dehydration fluid rate | 50mls/kg |
| 8% dehydration fluid rate | 80mls/kg |
| 10% dehydration shock fluid rate | 100ml/kg |
| Extracellular fluid (intravascular + interstitial) contain large amounts of what ions | Sodium and chloride ions |
| Intracellular main ion | Potassium |
| Acidosis and alkalosis- serious state where pH of what is abnormal | ECF- extracellular fluid |
| Increase and decrease in RR can change … of blood | pH |
| ADH is secreted if | Patient is dehydrated |
| What is Metabolic acidosis? | (pH <7.35) - severe diarrhoea (hypovolaemic shock → lactic acid), diabetic ketoacidosis (loss of bicarbonate and increase of ketones), renal failure |
| What is Metabolic alkalosis? | vomiting (loss of H+), diuretic therapy (loss of acid ions, increase in bicarbonate concentration) |
| What is Respiratory acidosis? | (hypoventilation) - GA, CNS injury, lung damage (increased carbon dioxide) |
| What is Respiratory alkalosis? | (hyperventilation) - mechanical over-ventilation, apprehension, fear (reduced carbon dioxide) |
| Diarrhoea cause metabolic acidosis? | losses of alkaline in the gut |
| 2. Vomiting cause metabolic alkalosis? | loss of acid in vomit |
| Hyperventilation cause respiratory alkalosis? | Increased ventilation = decreased CO2 = increased alkalinity |
| Asthma cause respiratory acidosis? | Decreased ventilation = increased CO2 = increased acidity |
| Unstable diabetic cause of | Metabolic acidosis |
| Potassium is intra or extra cellular | Intracellular |
| Changes in potassium levels cause | Bradycardia, cardiac arrhythmias and lethargy |
| Potassium depletion is called | Hypokalaemia |
| Potassium accumulation is called | Hyperkalaemia |
| How potassium is gained and excreted | Ingested and excreted by kidneys |
| Hypokalaemia or hyperkalaemia Prolonged inappetence | Hypo |
| Hypokalaemia or hyperkalaemia Urethral obstruction | Hyper |
| Hypokalaemia or hyperkalaemia Vomiting | Hypo |
| Hypokalaemia or hyperkalaemia Prolonged diuretic therapy | Hypo |
| Hypokalaemia or hyperkalaemia Bladder rupture | Hyper |
| Hypokalaemia or hyperkalaemia Prolonged d+ | Hypo |
| Hypokalaemia or hyperkalaemia Acute renal failure | Hyper |
| Word for low and high sodium levels | Hypo/hypernatraemia |
| Hyponatraemia or hypernatraemia Dehydration | Hyper |
| Hyponatraemia or hypernatraemia Burns | Hypo |
| Hyponatraemia or hypernatraemia Excessive administration of saline | Hyper |
| Hyponatraemia or hypernatraemia excessive water ingestion | Hypo |
| Hyponatraemia or hypernatraemia Diuretics | Hypo |
| 3 types of fluids | Crystalloids Colloids Blood |
| Crystalloids is | Solution easily pass though capillary membrane into all body fluid compartments |
| Crystalloids divided into | Replacement- similar to ECF 1st choice high rates to replenish dehydration- Hartman’s and 0.9% sodium chloride and maintenance - similar to electrolyte losses in healthy animals High potassium content - slow infusion rates only |
| Crystalloids 3 types | Isotonic Hypertonic Hypotonic |
| Isotonic Crystalloids are | Toni city and electrolyte composition similar to ECF used for replacement in cases with dehydration and hypovolaemia Hartman’s, 0.9% saline, ringers solution |
| Hypertonic Crystalloids are | Causes plasma volume expansion by drawing water out of cells into ECF- some diffuses into blood stream - good for hypovolaemia 7.2% saline 9% saline |
| Hypertonic Crystalloids must be followed by | Replacement Crystalloid or colloid to replenish cells that have donated fluid |
| Hypertonic saline dose rates | Dog- 4-7ml/kg cat- 2-4ml/kg Over 2-5mins |
| What is hypotonic crystalloids | Rarely used Indicated- Primary water loss and mild dehydration Severe hypernatraemia 0.18% NacL + 4% glucose (dex saline) 5% dextrose |
| Colloids are | Small particles permanently suspended-cannot pass through semi-permeable membrane Molecule size bigger than healthy capillary pore Draws fluid into (holds fluid in) vascular space- causes plasma volume to expand. Plasma expander |
| Colloids | Used to treat hypovolaemia in cases where crystalloids are ineffective, or hypoproteinaemia (reduced plasma colloid osmotic pressure-so crystalloids are not effective Dextrans Gelatine (Haemaccell & Gelofusin) Hydroxyethyl starches (Hetastarch) |
| Dextans | Rarely used, no licensed - large molecules- 3 hours Linked to Renal failure and coag problems |
| Gelatins | Not very large- breakdown quickly Short duration of action- 60-120mins Constant infusion rate as don’t last long Gelofusin ans haemaccel |
| Hydroxyethyl starches (hetastrqch) | 4-12 hours large molecules not licensed |
| Aim of fluid therapy in hypothalamic shock | Rapidly increase circulating (intravascular) volume and therefore oxygen delivery |
| Most hypovolaemic shock situations require | Isotonic crystalloid |
| Acidosis and alkalosis- serious state where pH of what is abnormal | ECF- extracellular fluid |
| Increase and decrease in RR can change … of blood | pH |
| ADH is secreted if | Patient is dehydrated |
| What is Metabolic acidosis? | (pH <7.35) - severe diarrhoea (hypovolaemic shock → lactic acid), diabetic ketoacidosis (loss of bicarbonate and increase of ketones), renal failure |
| What is Metabolic alkalosis? | vomiting (loss of H+), diuretic therapy (loss of acid ions, increase in bicarbonate concentration) |
| What is Respiratory acidosis? | (hypoventilation) - GA, CNS injury, lung damage (increased carbon dioxide) |
| What is Respiratory alkalosis? | (hyperventilation) - mechanical over-ventilation, apprehension, fear (reduced carbon dioxide) |
| Diarrhoea cause metabolic acidosis? | losses of alkaline in the gut |
| 2. Vomiting cause metabolic alkalosis? | loss of acid in vomit |
| Hyperventilation cause respiratory alkalosis? | Increased ventilation = decreased CO2 = increased alkalinity |
| Asthma cause respiratory acidosis? | Decreased ventilation = increased CO2 = increased acidity |
| Unstable diabetic cause of | Metabolic acidosis |
| Potassium is intra or extra cellular | Intracellular |
| Changes in potassium levels cause | Bradycardia, cardiac arrhythmias and lethargy |
| Potassium depletion is called | Hypokalaemia |
| Potassium accumulation is called | Hyperkalaemia |
| How potassium is gained and excreted | Ingested and excreted by kidneys |
| Hypokalaemia or hyperkalaemia Prolonged inappetence | Hypo |
| Hypokalaemia or hyperkalaemia Urethral obstruction | Hyper |
| Hypokalaemia or hyperkalaemia Vomiting | Hypo |
| Hypokalaemia or hyperkalaemia Prolonged diuretic therapy | Hypo |
| Hypokalaemia or hyperkalaemia Bladder rupture | Hyper |
| Hypokalaemia or hyperkalaemia Prolonged d+ | Hypo |
| Hypokalaemia or hyperkalaemia Acute renal failure | Hyper |
| Word for low and high sodium levels | Hypo/hypernatraemia |
| Hyponatraemia or hypernatraemia Dehydration | Hyper |
| Hyponatraemia or hypernatraemia Burns | Hypo |
| Hyponatraemia or hypernatraemia Excessive administration of saline | Hyper |
| Hyponatraemia or hypernatraemia excessive water ingestion | Hypo |
| Hyponatraemia or hypernatraemia Diuretics | Hypo |
| 3 types of fluids | Crystalloids Colloids Blood |
| Crystalloids is | Solution easily pass though capillary membrane into all body fluid compartments |
| Crystalloids divided into | Replacement- similar to ECF 1st choice high rates to replenish dehydration- Hartman’s and 0.9% sodium chloride and maintenance - similar to electrolyte losses in healthy animals High potassium content - slow infusion rates only |
| Crystalloids 3 types | Isotonic Hypertonic Hypotonic |
| Isotonic Crystalloids are | Toni city and electrolyte composition similar to ECF used for replacement in cases with dehydration and hypovolaemia Hartman’s, 0.9% saline, ringers solution |
| Hypertonic Crystalloids are | Causes plasma volume expansion by drawing water out of cells into ECF- some diffuses into blood stream - good for hypovolaemia 7.2% saline 9% saline |
| Hypertonic Crystalloids must be followed by | Replacement Crystalloid or colloid to replenish cells that have donated fluid |
| Hypertonic saline dose rates | Dog- 4-7ml/kg cat- 2-4ml/kg Over 2-5mins |
| What is hypotonic crystalloids | Rarely used Indicated- Primary water loss and mild dehydration Severe hypernatraemia 0.18% NacL + 4% glucose (dex saline) 5% dextrose |
| Colloids are | Small particles permanently suspended-cannot pass through semi-permeable membrane Molecule size bigger than healthy capillary pore Draws fluid into (holds fluid in) vascular space- causes plasma volume to expand. Plasma expander |
| Colloids | Used to treat hypovolaemia in cases where crystalloids are ineffective, or hypoproteinaemia (reduced plasma colloid osmotic pressure-so crystalloids are not effective Dextrans Gelatine (Haemaccell & Gelofusin) Hydroxyethyl starches (Hetastarch) |
| Dextans | Rarely used, no licensed - large molecules- 3 hours Linked to Renal failure and coag problems |
| Gelatins | Not very large- breakdown quickly Short duration of action- 60-120mins Constant infusion rate as don’t last long Gelofusin ans haemaccel |
| Hydroxyethyl starches (hetastrqch) | 4-12 hours large molecules not licensed |
| Aim of fluid therapy in hypothalamic shock | Rapidly increase circulating (intravascular) volume and therefore oxygen delivery |
| Most hypovolaemic shock situations require | Isotonic crystalloid |
| Normal SG for dog | 1.015-1.045 |
| Normal sg for cat | 1.35-1.060 |
| Normal sg for rabbit | 1.003-1.036 |
| Gross energy is | Maximum amount of energy released by food |
| Digestible energy is | The amount of energy that can be digested and absorbed by the body |
| Metabolisable energy is | Amount of energy actually utilised by body |
| Basal energy requirement also called … and what is it | Resting energy requirement and its energy to sustain BMR |
| 1kcal is how many calories | 1000 |
| RER for 2-30kg | (30 x BW) +70 |
| RER for under 2kg and over 30kg | 70 x (BW)^0.75 |
| MER is and calculation | Energy requirement for moderately active adult animal in thermoneutral environment over 24hrs. MER kcal= RER X 1.8 |
| Assisted feed when adult with poor intake for | Over 3days |
| Assisted feed if neonates with poor intake for | More than 1 day |
| Assist feeding for adults with what percentage loss | >10% |
| Assist feed with neonate with what percentage | >5% |
| Cachexia is | General weight loss, muscle wastage due to progressive disease such as neoplasia |
| 2 types of assisted feeding | Enteral- via mouth or go tract Parenteral - nutrients administered by route other than go tract- usually iv |
| Gap between rabbit teeth to feed them through called | Diastema |
| What is naso-oesophageal feeding tube? | In nose to oesophagus Short tern 3-5dayw Can be placed conscious Narrow- can block Can eat with tube in Can feed immediately |
| What is Oesophageal feeding tube? | In neck into oesophagus Medium term- 10-21 days dint remove until 10days Under GA contraindicated for v+ and mesooesophagus patients |
| What is gastrostomy tube ? | PEG tube Longer term- more than 14days Under GA Used patients that have oesophageal disease Feed after 12-24hours Risk of stoma infections |
| What is jejunostomy tube? | Medium term 10-21days Under GA rare |
| Which tube is suitable for short term feeding for 3-5days? | Naso-oesophageal |
| Which tube can’t be placed conscious? | Oesophageal |
| Which tube uses an endoscope? | PEG |
| Tube for patient with ulcerated gastric mass? | Jejunostomy |
| Normal stomach capacity for dog and cat | Dog- 90ml/kg Cat- 50ml/kg Over 5-10mins |
| Appetite stimulation drugs | Valium, cyproheptadine (periactin), mirtazapine, oxazepam |
| Partial parenteral nutrition and total parenteral nutrition | PPN provide a limited amount of nutrition through a peripheral vein to supplement diet TPN provides complete nutrition via iv if can’t use digestive system at all |
| Guinea pigs need what vitamin | Vitamin C- 10-30mg/kg/day |
| Cushings is | Hyperadrenocortism |
| Cardiovascular disease nutritional requirements | Sodium moderated Taurine and L carnitine supplemented - keeps heart muscles healthy Good quality protein and omega 3s Appropriate K+ levels and water soluble vitamins |
| Hepatic disease nutritional requirements | Moderate/ normal protein High biological value to reduce bacterial breakdown in the gut to ammonia Normal to high fat/ carb content District copper and supplement zinc But K concerns with clotting time |
| Renal disease nutritional requirements | Restrict levels of protein but increase quality Restrict phosphorus Normal or increased levels of k Higher fat content Rehydration- encourage drinking |
| Diabetes Mellitus (dog) nutritional requirements | High palatability High in complex carbs |
| Diabetes mellitus cat nutritional requirements | Low in carbs High quality highly digestible protein source |
| Body condition score is out of | 9 4-5 is ideal Rabbit is out of 5 |
| Neoplasia nutritional requirements | Highly palatable, easy to chew, highly digestible protein, |
| Feline lower urinary tract disease nutritional requirements | Restrict protein and magnesium Increase water consumption Sodium control |
| A cat with chronic renal disease should be transitioned onto a | Restrict protein and high fat diet |
| Can diet dissolve urate and cystine crystals/stones | True |
| Diabetic diets tend to include more | Insoluble fibre |
| Hyperthyroid diets have low | Iodine |
| Skin conditions benefit from what common factor nutritional change | Novel protein source |
| What is a sensible loss in body? | Urination |
| Copper storage disease seen in what breed | Bedlington terrier |
| Immature spermatozoa stored in the | Epididymis |
| What is GnRH | Gonadotropin-releasing hormone is produced by the hypothalamus which then targets the anterior pituitary gland to secrete LH and FSH |
| Testicles have blind ended tubules- lined with what cells | Spermatogenic cells- production of immature sperm though meiosis Sertoli cells- secrete oestrogen and nutrients which prolong survival of sperm |
| Between tubules of testes are cells called | Cells of Leydig or interstitial cells that secrete testosterone and under control of ICSH (LH) |
| Unitards vs multifarious species | One offspring at a time vs multiple |
| Primigravida vs multigravida | Pregnant for first time vs already been pregnant before |
| What species are spontaneous ovulations and what are induced ovulations | Spontaneous- dogs and guinea pigs Induced- cats and rabbits |
| Where is LH produced? | Anterior pituitary gland |
| What hormone maintains pregnancy and inhibits FSH production? | Progesterone |
| Where is GnRH produced? | Hypothalamus |
| Main hormone predominant during pro- oestrus? | Oestrogen |
| What hormone initiates oestrous cycle? | GnRH initiates the oestrous cycle - released from hypothalamus- causes rise in FSH and LH |
| Where is progesterone released from in the bitch | Corpus luteum After ovulation follicle develops into the corpus luteum. End of oestrous in the bitch is associated with high levels of progesterone |
| Stages of cycle | Proestrus, oestrus, metoestrus, anoestrus |
| Proestrus | Preparing- follicles develop 7-10days FSH and rising oestrogen Blood stained vulval discharge in bitch |
| Oestrus | stands to be mated, ovulation, vulval discharge less bloody in bitch, corpus luteum formation 7-10days Oestrogen levels drop rapidly Progesterone levels rise-bitch only Surge in LH and FSH -triggers ovulation |
| Metoestrus | 2 months approx Period of development of CL and progesterone secretion in queen and bitch |
| Anoestrus | Period of inactivity - no hormones 3-9 months |
| Mating bitch optimum time | Day 14 onwards |
| Glasgow pain scale is out of | 24 |
| Alpha cells – produce glucagon ■ Beta cells – produce insulin ■ Delta cells – produce somatostatic |
Created by:
Louise28