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Chapter 2
Basics of the Body: Broader Terminology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Anatomy | Study or identification of the structure/part |
| Physiology | Study of the function of a body part/structure |
| Body Planes | An imaginary cut/division through the human body |
| Body Direction | Terms that are created from body planes and used for identification/location purposes in medicine. |
| Frontal (Coronal) Plane | Cuts through the ears ~ front and back chunks -- cuts vertically through the head |
| Sagittal Plane | Cuts into unequal right and left chunks ~ runs front to back -- cuts vertically through the nose |
| Midsagittal Plane | Cuts directly through the midline (nose); equal left and right chunks down to the centimeter -- cuts vertically through the nose |
| Transverse (Horizontal) Plane | Cuts across the body ~ top and bottom chunks -- cuts horizontally through the hips and waist. The "Superior" chunk is the one closer to the head and the "Inferior" chunk is the one closer to the feet. |
| Ventral (Referencing Body Planes) | Frontal/Coronal Plane In the front of the body |
| Dorsal | In the back of the body |
| Anterior (Referencing Body Planes) | Frontal/Coronal Plane ~ In the front of the body |
| Posterior | In the back of the body |
| Superior (Referencing Body Planes) | Transverse Plane ~ Above/Top |
| Inferior | Below, Bottom of Body |
| Medial (Referencing Body Planes) | Sagittal Plane ~ Towards the middle/midline |
| Lateral | To the side/outside of the body |
| Proximal (Referencing Body Planes) | Sagittal Plane ~ Closest to point of origin & extremities only |
| Distal | Most distant from the point of origin |
| Caudal | At or near the tail of the posterior part of the body |
| Cephalic | the head or head region of the body |
| Superficial | Towards the surface |
| Deep | towards the inside |
| Erect Position | Standing straight up but facing sideways |
| Fowler's Position Position | Inclined on a bed & relaxed/leaned back against the bed |
| Knee-Chest Position | On knees with chest on the floor & arms relaxed and forearms next to ears |
| Lateral Position | Laying on side with one arm on hip & one under head |
| Prone Position | Laying on stomach with head turned to the side |
| Sim's Position | Laying on side/stomach with one leg bent over pillow & one arm bent near head -- bent/raised leg & arm have to be on the same side |
| Supine Position | Laying on back with head looking up and arms relaxed at sides while legs are straight and level |
| Integumentary System | System with skin, hair, nails, & glands. Protects body from injury, infection, & UV rays. Regulates body temp, prevents water loss, & helps with Vitamin D production. Also contains sensory receptors for touch, pressure, pain, & temperature. |
| Skeletal System | System that has bones, joints, ligaments, & cartilage. It supports the body, protects organs, allows movement with muscles, stores minerals (ex: calcium), produces blood cells within blood marrow. |
| Muscular System | Has 3 muscle types: skeletal, smooth, & cardiac. Enables movement, maintains posture, pumps blood, moves food through digestive tract, & produces heat. |
| Nervous System | Made of brain, spinal cord, & nerves. Controls the body activities by sending/receiving signals, processing information, regulating responses, & coordinates movement, sensation, & thought. |
| Endocrine System | System where glands (like pituitary, thyroid, adrenals, pancreas) release hormones into blood. Regulates growth, metabolism, reproduction, stress response, & homeostasis. |
| Respiratory System | System that includes lungs, trachea, bronchi, & diaphragm. Brings oxygen into the body, removes carbon dioxide, helps regulate blood pH & speech. |
| Cardiovascular System | System with heart, blood, & blood vessels. Pumps & transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, & wastes throughout the body. |
| Lymphatic System | System that has lymph nodes, vessels, spleen, & tonsils. Returns fluid to blood, helps absorb fats, and defends the body against infection. |
| Digestive System | Has the mouth, esophagus, liver, stomach, pancreas, & intestines. Breaks food down, absorbs nutrients, and removes waste. |
| Urinary System | System with kidneys, uterus, bladder, & urethra in it. Removes waste from blood, balances fluids & electrolytes, and helps regulate blood pressure. |
| Reproductive Male | Testes, vas deferens, prostate, & penis. Produces sperm & testosterone, delivers sperm for reproduction. |
| Reproductive Female | Ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, & vagina. Produces egg & hormones, supports fertilization,m pregnancy, & childbirth. |
| Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ) | Commonly due to gastric reflux, gallbladder disease, hepatitis, peptic ulcer disease, pancreatitis, pyelonephritis, kidney stone, retrocecal appendicitis, or bowel obstructions. |
| Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ) | Commonly due to gastric reflux, peptic ulcer disease, pancreatitis, splenic rupture or infarction, pyelonephritis, bowel obstruction, or aortic dissection. |
| Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ) | Commonly due to appendicitis, Crohn disease, cecal diverticulitis, ectopic pregnancy, endometriosis, inguinal hernia, ischemic colitis, ovarian cyst, ovarian torsion, pelvic inflammatory disease, psoas disease, psoas abscess, testicular torsion, or kidney |
| Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ) | Commonly due to diverticulitis, kidney stones, pyelonephritis, ectopic pregnancy, inflammatory bowel disease, inguinal hernia, ovarian cysts, ovarian torsion, pelvic inflammatory disease, psoas abscess, testicular torsion, abdominal aortic aneurysm, irrit |
| Right Hypo-Chondriac Region | Contains: Liver, Gallbladder |
| Right Lumbar Region | Contains: Ascending Colon, Right Kidney |
| Right Iliac Region | Contains: Appendix, Cecum |
| Epigastric Region | Contains: Stomach, Liver, Panreas, Duodenum, Adrenal Glands |
| Umbilical Region | Contains: Navel, Small Intestine |
| Hypogastric Region | Contains: Urinary Bladder, Sigmoid Clon, Female Reproductive |
| Left Hypo-Chrondriac Region | Contains: Spleen, Colon, Pancreas |
| Left Lumber Region | Contains: Descending Colon, Left Kidney |
| Left Iliac Region | Contains: Descending Colon, Sigmoid Colon |
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