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SAFMEDS A
Definition
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Experimental Analysis of Behavior (EAB) | Basic research in the science of behavior |
| Experimental Analysis | manipulating variables in a controlled setting |
| Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) | The natural science approach to the study of socially significant human behavior |
| Ontogenic History | interaction with the environment that determines operant behavior |
| Empiricism | The practice of objective observation |
| Determinism | The universe is a lawful and orderly place |
| Functional Relation | relationship between a consequence and its effect on behavior |
| Parsimony | The simplest explanation |
| Applied | behavior in question is important to the subject/ society |
| Philosophic Doubt | Continually questioning what is regarded as fact |
| Analytic | When the experimenter has demonstrated a functional relation |
| Behavioral | In need of improvement, measurable, and whose behavior is changed |
| Conceptually Systematic | Procedures are related to basic principles of behavior |
| Technological | Procedures are completely identified and described |
| Generality | Lasts over time, appears in other environments, or spreads to other behaviors |
| Effective | Improved to a practical degree |
| Behavior | That portion of an organism’s interaction with its environment that involves movement of some part of the organism |
| Operant Behavior | Behavior evoked by the environment |
| Antecedent | What happens immediately before the behavior |
| Response Class | A set of behaviors related by their functional similarity |
| Behaviorism | philosophical and theoretical foundations of the science of behavior |
| Contingency | If-then relationship |
| Respondent behavior | Behavior elicited by an antecedent stimulus |
| Consequence | What happens immediately after the behavior |
| Three term contingency | Antecedent – Behavior - Consequence |
| Punishment | Causes behavior to decrease |
| Positive Reinforcement | presentation of a stimulus, increase future probability of behavior |
| Tangible function | behavior maintained by the presentation of an object |
| Reinforcement | Stimulus change, increases future probability of behavior |
| Basic principle of behavior | functional relationship between behavior and its controlling variables |
| Negative Reinforcement | removal of a stimulus, increases future probability of behavior |
| Escape function | Terminates an existing stimulus |
| Sensory/Automatic function | A reinforcing stimulus which requires no social mediation |
| Secondary/Conditioned Reinforcers | Increases the behavior that precedes them due to prior learning |
| Attention function | maintained by the attention of others |
| Premack Principle | Access to a high frequency behavior is contingent upon the occurrence of a low frequency behavior |
| Avoidance function | A reinforcing stimulus which requires no social mediation |
| Primary/Unconditioned Reinforcers | Increases the behavior that precedes them due to their biological importance |
| Generalized conditioned reinforcer | A conditioned reinforcer that is not dependent upon a single kind of deprivation |
| Strategies for selecting potential reinforcers | Asking, observing, sampling, forced choice, trying and seeing |
| Schedule of reinforcement | Rule which defines how often behavior will result in reinforcement |
| Intermittent schedule of reinforcement | Reinforcing some responses |
| Variable ratio Schedule | Variable number of responses before reinforcement is delivered |
| Fixed interval Schedule | First desired response after a constant amount of time is reinforced |
| Continuous schedule of reinforcement | Reinforcing every response |
| Fixed ratio Schedule | Reinforcement is contingent upon a given number of responses |
| Interresponse time | The amount of time that occurs between two responses |
| Variable interval Schedule | Time intervals between reinforcement vary |
| Fixed ratio responding | High, steady rates of responding |
| Variable interval responding | moderate rates of responding; PRP; responding accelerates toward end of interval |
| Negative Punishment | Removal of stimulus that decreases behavior |
| Variable ratio responding | PRP; high rates of responding |
| Fixed interval responding | Steady response rate; few PRP |
| Positive Punishment | Presentation of stimulus that decreases behavior |
| Differential reinforcement of diminishing rates (DRD) | Reduces the frequency of a behavior by reinforcing it only when it occurs at a lower rate than a previous, specific criterion |
| Count | tally of the number of occurrences of a behavior. |
| Confounding Variable | An uncontrolled factor known or suspected to exert influence on the dependent variable. |
| Rate | Measure of how often behavior occurs expressed as count per standard unit of time (e.g., per minute, per hour, per day) and calculated by dividing the # of responses recorded by the # of standard units of time in which observations were conducted. |
| Replication | Repeating conditions within an experiment to determine the reliability of effects and increase internal validity. |
| Percentage | A ratio (i.e., a proportion) formed by combining the same dimensional quantities, such as count or time. |
| Frequency | How often a behavior occurs (a ratio of responses per standard unit of time). |
| Imitation | Behavior that (a) is occasioned by another person’s model of the behavior (or symbolic representation thereof) |
| Echoic | A form of verbal behavior where a learner vocally imitates or repeats a sound, word, or phrase immediately after hearing it, resembling an echo. |
| Intraverbals | A form of verbal behavior where a person responds to another's spoken words or questions without directly echoing or pointing to a physical object. |
| Mand | A functional verbal request used to teach communication by having an individual ask for what they want or need, such as items, actions, or information. |
| Tact | The act of labeling or naming objects, actions, or events in the environment. |
| Experimental Design | Aarticular type and sequence of conditions in a study so that meaningful comparisons of the effects of the presence and absence (or different values) of the independent variable can be made. |
| Y-Axis | Vertical axis or ordinate that represents the dependent variable, which is the specific behavior being measured |
| X-Axis | Horizontal axis that represents the passage of time, such as sessions, days, or weeks, and indicates when data points were collected. |
| Level | Refers to the value on the vertical axis (\(y\)-axis) of a graph indicating the magnitude or frequency of a behavior, such as its average rate, intensity, or percentage. It helps determine if a behavior is occurring at a high, low, or moderate level, |
| Variability | The degree to which data points in a graph fluctuate or differ from each other across observation sessions. |
| Trend | The general direction or slope of data points on a graph over time (ascending, descending, or stable), used to evaluate intervention effectiveness |
| Line Graph | The most common ABA graph, featuring evenly spaced intervals on the y-axis, used to plot behavioral changes over time |
| Bar Graph | Histogram, used to compare discrete sets of data that are not related by a common dimension, such as comparing the average number of behaviors across different settings or conditions. |
| Cumulative Record | Developed by B.F. Skinner, this graph shows the total, cumulative number of responses, where the slope of the line indicates the rate of responding (steeper = faster). |
| Scatterplot | Used to identify temporal patterns in behavior by showing the relative distribution of individual data points across different times of day or conditions. |
| Equal-interval scale | A scale in which equal distances on the axis represent equal absolute amounts of the variable plotted on the axis (e.g., behavior change on an equal-interval vertical axis). |
| Pragmatism | A philosophical position asserting that the truth value of a statement is determined by how well it promotes effective action |
| Momentary time sampling | A measurement method in which the presence or absence of behaviors is recorded at precisely specified time intervals. |
| Mixed schedule | A compound schedule of reinforcement consisting of two or more basic schedules of reinforcement (elements) that occur in an alternating, usually random, sequence. |
| Ontogeny | The history of the development of an individual organism during its lifetime |
| Partial-interval recording | Records whether the target behavior occurred at any time during the interval. |
| Phylogeny | The history of the natural evolution of a species |
| Chained schedule | Schedule of reinforcement in which the response requirements of two or more basic schedules must be met in a specific sequence before reinforcement is delivered. |
| Mentalism | Refers to unobservable, internal, or "mental" states (e.g., thoughts, emotions, traits, "mind") rather than observable environmental factors. |
| Private Events | Internal, subjective experiences—such as thoughts, feelings, and bodily sensations (e.g., pain, hunger, a racing heart)—that occur "inside the skin" and are not directly observable by others. |
Created by:
TBonfield25