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A&P
Digestive System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the FUNCTIONS of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM ? | Involved in digestion, absorption, and metabolism of nutrients. |
| Overview of the Gastrointestinal Tract . | Extends from mouth to anus: 9 meters (29 feet) in length. |
| What are the main Organs of the Digestive System ? | Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anal canal. |
| What are the ACCESORY organs of the Digestve System ? | Teeth and tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and vermiform appendix. |
| MOUTH | It is important for the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food. |
| PHARYNX ( Throat) | Muscular tube (throat) lined with mucous membrane. Functions as part of both respiratory and digestive systems. |
| ESOPHAGUS | Muscular, mucus-lined tube about 25 cm (10 inches) long. Connects pharynx to stomach. Muscular walls help push food toward stomach. First segment of the digestive tube. |
| STOMACH | Pouch for food that lies in upper part of abdominal cavity just under diaphragm. About the size of a large sausage when empty. Expands considerably after a large meal. |
| SMALL INTESTINES | Lining: Mucous membrane; many microscopic glands (intestinal glands) secrete intestinal juice; circular folds (plicae) are covered in villi (microscopic finger-shaped projections from surface of mucosa into intestinal cavity) that contain blood and lymph. |
| LARGE INTESTINES | Size and location: 1.5 meters long; forms lower, or terminal, portion of digestive tract . Divisions Cecum Colon: Ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid Rectum Anal canal Opening to exterior: Anus Vitamin K |
| TEETH | Helps in the mechanical break down of food into smaller pieces through chewing and grinding. |
| TONGUE | Manipulates food within the mouth, aids in chewing, mixes food with the saliva. Frenelum = plays a role in maintaining the stability of the tongue . |
| LIVER | Size and location: Liver is largest gland. Fills upper right section of abdominal cavity and extends over into left side. Classified as exocrine gland. Secretes bile. Has a variety of metabolic functions. |
| GALLBLADDER | Location: Undersurface of the liver Function: Concentrates and stores bile produced in the liver |
| PANCREAS | Location: Behind stomach Functions Pancreatic cells secrete pancreatic juice into pancreatic ducts; main duct empties into duodenum. Pancreatic islets (of Langerhans): ; secrete hormones glucagon and insulin . |
| DIGESTION | Definition: Process that transforms food into a form that can be absorbed and used by cells. Mechanical digestion: Chewing, swallowing, and peristalsis break food into tiny particles, mix them well with digestive juices, and move them along the digestiv |
| Enzymes and Chemical Digestion | Enzymes: Protein molecules that act as catalysts, speeding up chemical reactions. Chemical digestion: Specific enzymes speed up breakdown of specific molecules and no others. |
| Fat Digestion | Bile contains no enzymes but emulsifies fats (breaks fat droplets into very small droplets). Pancreatic lipase changes emulsified fats to fatty acids and glycerol in small intestine. |
| ABSORPTION | Definition: Digested food moves from intestine into blood or lymph. Absorption site: Nutrients and most water are absorbed from small intestine; some water also absorbed from large intestine. |
| Villi | Lining the small intestine. |
| Avitaminosis | Vitamin deficiency. |
| Anorexia | Chronic disorder in which individual refuses to eat. |
| Dysphagia | Difficulty in swallowing. |
| Peristalsis | Involuntary muscle contraction and relaxation which begins in the esophagus to propel food downward. |
| Bulimia | Behavioral disorder with craving of food and induced vomiting. |
| Sodium (Na+) | Helps maintain proper hydration and prevents dehydration . |
| APPENDIX | Small structure attached to cecum. |
| Glycosuria | Loss of glucose in urine. |
| Mesentery | Extension of the peritoneum . |
| Cloride (Cl-) | Help maintain osmotic pressure and electrical neutrality in the extracellular and intracellular fluids. |
| BMR ( Basal Metabolic Rate ) | Rate at which food is catabolized at rest. |
| Potassium ( K) | Helps muscle and nerve function. |
| Calcium ( Ca+) | Essential for muscle contraction and relaxation . |
| FATS/CARBOHYRTAES | Primary energy foods. |
| Malignant Hyperthermia | Inherited condition characterized by increased body temperature. |
| Antioxidant | Prevents damage from free radicals. |
| Appendicitis | Inflammation or infection of appendix. |
| Metabolism | Process of using nutrient molecules as energy sources and as building blocks for our own molecules. |
| Catabolism | Process that breaks food molecules down, releasing their stored energy; oxygen used in catabolism. |
| Anabolism | Process that builds nutrient molecules into complex chemical compounds. |
| Carbohydrates | Are the preferred energy nutrient of the body. |
| Vitaminosis | Organic molecules that are needed in small amounts for normal metabolism . |
| What are the 4 layers of the DIGESTIVE TRACT ? | mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa |
Created by:
mparcasio