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A&P
Study Stack Endocrine System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the function of the Endocrine System ? | Produces and secretes hormones from various glands . |
| Endocrine glands | Ductless Secrete hormones Chemical substances with regulatory effect on activity of target cells or organs. secrete chemicals (hormones) into the blood |
| Exocrine glands | Not part of endocrine system. Secrete their products into ducts that empty onto a surface or into a cavity. |
| Target cells | Cells acted on by hormones , they are found within the target organs . |
| Nonsteroid hormones (first messengers) | Bind to receptors on the target cell membrane, triggering second messengers to affect the cell’s activities . They are typically proteins, short chains of amino acids, or individual amino acids. They attach to receptors on the plasma membrane. |
| Steroid hormones | Bind to receptors within the target cell nucleus and influence cell activity by acting on DNA. They are lipid soluble. |
| Hypersecretion | Secretion of excess hormone |
| Hyposecretion | Insufficient hormone secretion |
| Target cell insensitivity | produces results similar to hyposecretion |
| hormones | activates specific target cells and organs to elicit a response. |
| Pituitary Gland ( Called the master Gland ) | Anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis) Adeno = gland Posterior pituitary gland (neurohypophysis) Neuro = nervous |
| Anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis) | Names of major hormones Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Luteinizing hormone (LH) Growth hormone (GH) Prolactin (lactogenic hormone) |
| TSH ( Thyroid Stimulating Hormone) | Stimulates growth of the thyroid gland; also stimulates it to secrete thyroid hormone. |
| ACTH ( Adrenocorticotropic hormone) | Stimulates growth of the adrenal cortex and stimulates it to secrete glucocorticoids (mainly cortisol). |
| FSH ( Follicle Stimulating hormone) | Initiates growth of ovarian follicles each month in the ovary and stimulates one or more follicles to develop to the stage of maturity and ovulation. |
| LH( Luteinizing hormone ) | Acts with FSH to stimulate estrogen secretion and follicle growth to maturity; causes ovulation; causes luteinization of the ruptured follicle and stimulates progesterone secretion by corpus luteum . Ovulating hormone . |
| GH Growth Hormone ) | Stimulates growth by accelerating protein anabolism; also accelerates fat catabolism and slows glucose catabolism; by slowing glucose catabolism, tends to increase blood glucose to higher than normal level (hyperglycemia). |
| Prolactin (PRL) or lactogenic hormone— | Stimulates breast development during pregnancy and secretion of milk after the delivery of the baby. |
| Posterior Pituitary Gland | Names of hormones : Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Hyposecretion causes diabetes insipidus, characterized by excessive volume of urine Oxytocin (OT) |
| Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) | Hyposecretion causes diabetes insipidus, characterized by excessive volume of urine. |
| Oxytocin (OT) | Stimulates the pregnant uterus to contract; may initiate labor; causes glandular cells of the breast to release milk into ducts. |
| Thyroid Gland | Names of hormones Thyroid hormones: Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). Calcitonin (CT) |
| Thyroid hormone | Accelerates catabolism , increase the body's metabolism ) . |
| Calcitonin | Decreases the blood calcium concentration by inhibiting breakdown of bone, which would release calcium into the blood. |
| Parathyroid Glands | secretes PTH ( Parathyroid hormone ) |
| PTH ( Parathyroid hormone ) | Increases blood calcium concentration by increasing the breakdown of bone with the release of calcium into the blood. |
| Adrenal Glands ( Adrenal Cortex) | Has 2 parts Adrenal Cortex and adrenal medulla . Secretes corticoids . Outer layer secretes mineralocorticoids Middle layer secretes glucocorticoids Inner layer secretes sex hormones |
| Mineralocorticoids | Increase blood sodium and decrease body potassium concentrations by accelerating kidney tubule reabsorption of sodium and excretion of potassium |
| Glucocorticoids | Help maintain normal blood glucose concentration by increasing gluconeogenesis. Play an essential part in maintaining normal blood pressure. |
| Adrenal Gland ( Adrenal Medulla) | Names of hormones: Epinephrine (Epi), or adrenaline Norepinephrine (NR) Function of hormones Help the body resist stress by intensifying and prolonging the effects of sympathetic stimulation |
| Pancreas | Names of hormones: Glucagon: Secreted by alpha cells Insulin: Secreted by beta cells |
| Glucagon | Increases the blood glucose level by accelerating glycogenolysis in liver (conversion of glycogen to glucose). |
| Insulin | Decreases the blood glucose by accelerating the movement of glucose out of the blood into cells, which increases glucose metabolism by cells. |
| Ovaries | secretes estrogen and progesterone |
| testes | secretes testosterone |
| thymus gland | Secretes thymosin which plays an important role in the development and function of the body's immune system . |
| Pineal Gland | A small gland near the roof of the third ventricle of the brain. Secretes melatonin which influences sleep-wake cycle. |
| testosterone | Masculinizing hormone |
| Melatonin | Regulates the body's internal clock. |
| Goiter | Enlargement of thyroid |
| Prostaglandins | Known as tissue hormones, these substances play an important role in communication and the control of many body functions. |
| Prolactin | The hormone that stimulates breast development necessary for eventual lactation. |
| Cushings Syndrome | A condition resulting from a hypersecretion of glucocorticoids |
| Myxedema | A deficiency in thyroid hormone secretions in an adult . |
| hypothalamus | The part of the brain that plays a dominant role in the regulation of many body functions such as body temperature, appetite, and thirst . |
| Glucogenesis | The process stimulated by glucocorticoids that converts amino acids to glucose . |
| ghrelin | Hormone secreted by the cells in the lining of the stomach. |
| Diabetes Insipidus | Hyposecretion of antidiuretic hormone. |
Created by:
mparcasio