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BIOLOGY 4
Ecology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the climate of the Tundra biome? | Extremely cold. |
| What are the characteristics of the Tundra biome regarding plants and animals? | Few plants and animals. |
| What proportion of Earth's land surface does the Tundra biome make up? | 1/5th. |
| Describe the climate of a Desert biome. | Very hot and dry. |
| What is characteristic of a Desert biome regarding rain? | Little rain. |
| What is the Taiga biome? | A swampy coniferous forest of high northern latitudes. |
| Describe the climate of a Rainforest biome. | Hot, humid with equatorial climate. |
| What is a key characteristic of Rainforests regarding biodiversity? | Biggest biodiversity. |
| Approximately what proportion of the world's species live in rainforests? | Almost half. |
| Describe the climate of Savannah/Tropical grasslands. | Hot and dry. |
| What is the main vegetation in Savannah/Tropical grasslands? | Mainly grass, scrub and some trees. |
| How many distinct seasons do Savannah/Tropical grasslands have? | Two. |
| What are the two distinct seasons in Savannah/Tropical grasslands? | Dry season - Rainy season |
| What are the depths of the Abyssal zone? | Between 3000 and 6000 meters down. |
| What part of the ocean does the Abyssal zone refer to? | Depths or bed of the ocean. |
| Describe the Neritic zone. | The belt or region of shallow water adjoining the seacoast. |
| What is the Pelagic zone in a sea or lake? | Any water that is neither close to the bottom nor near the shore. |
| Where is the Littoral zone located? | Part of sea, lake or river that is close to the shore. |
| How is the Littoral zone affected by tides? | Exposed during low tide and covered during high tide. |
| What is the study of Ecology? | The study of interactions among organisms and their environment. |
| What is a Kingdom in biological classification? | The highest taxonomic rank, grouping together all forms of life having certain fundamental characteristics in common. |
| What is a Phylum in biological classification? | A principal taxonomic rank that ranks above class and below kingdom. |
| What is a Class in biological classification? | A taxonomic rank that ranks above order and below phylum. |
| What is an Order in biological classification? | A taxonomic rank that ranks above family and below class. |
| What is a Family in biological classification? | A taxonomic rank that ranks above genus and below order. |
| What is a Genus in biological classification? | A taxonomic rank that ranks above species and below family, generally consisting of a group of species exhibiting similar characteristics. |
| What defines a Species? | Organisms that can reproduce fertile offspring with each other. |
| What is an ecological community? | An organized collection of interacting species. |
| What does the principle of Survival of the Fittest predict regarding species with the same niche? | One species will exploit the environment more efficiently, eventually leading to the extinction of the other. |
| What is the outcome of 'Survival of the Fittest' for species sharing the same niche? | Extinction of the less efficient species. |
| What is R-selection? | A reproductive strategy producing large numbers of offspring that mature rapidly with no parental care and high mortality rates. |
| What are the key characteristics of species exhibiting R-selection? | Large number of offspring Rapid maturation No parental care High mortality rate |
| Give an example of a species exhibiting R-selection. | Many insects (e.g., mosquitos) Bacteria Weeds |
| What is K-selection? | A reproductive strategy characterized by a small number of offspring, slow maturation, and strong parental care. |
| What are the key characteristics of species exhibiting K-selection? | Small number of offspring Slow maturation Strong parental care |
| Give an example of a species exhibiting K-selection. | Large mammals (e.g., elephants, humans) Birds of prey |
| How does R-selection differ from K-selection in terms of population growth? | R-selected species typically have exponential growth in stable environments, while K-selected species have logistic growth near carrying capacity in stable environments. |
| What is the process of speciation? | The process by which a new species is formed. |
| What are the main types of speciation? | Allopatric speciation Sympatric speciation Parapatric speciation Peripatric speciation |
| What is adaptive radiation? | Occurs when several separate species arise from a single ancestral species, often to fill different ecological niches. |
| What conditions often lead to adaptive radiation? | Availability of new ecological niches Absence of competitors Presence of a diverse ancestral gene pool |
| What is an evolutionary bottleneck? | A severe crisis that a species faces, causing a significant reduction in population size and a shift in the allelic frequencies of the survivors. |
| What is the primary effect of an evolutionary bottleneck on a population's genetics? | It causes a shift in the allelic frequencies of the surviving individuals, leading to reduced genetic diversity. |
| What can cause an evolutionary bottleneck? | Natural disasters (e.g., floods, earthquakes) Disease outbreaks Habitat destruction Over-hunting |
| How is an evolutionary bottleneck related to genetic drift? | An evolutionary bottleneck is a specific type of genetic drift that occurs when a population undergoes a drastic reduction in size, leading to a random change in allele frequencies. |
| What is divergent evolution? | Exists when two or more species evolving from the same group develop different structures to adapt to different environments. |
| Give an example of divergent evolution. | Darwin's finches on the Galapagos Islands Varied forelimbs of mammals (e.g., human arm, bat wing, whale flipper) from a common ancestor |
| What is convergent evolution? | Occurs when two species independently evolve similar structures or traits despite having different ancestors, typically due to similar environmental pressures. |
| Give an example of convergent evolution. | Wings in birds, bats, and insects Streamlined body shapes in dolphins (mammal) and sharks (fish) Eye structure in vertebrates and cephalopods |
| What is the difference between homologous and analogous structures? | Homologous structures result from divergent evolution, sharing a common ancestor but different functions. Analogous structures result from convergent evolution, having similar functions but different ancestors. |
| What is polymorphism in biology? | The occurrence of distinct forms or morphs within a single species. |
| Give an example of polymorphism. | Blood types in humans (A, B, AB, O) Color variations in ladybugs Sexual dimorphism (differences between male and female) |
| What is symbiosis? | A close and long-term biological interaction between two different biological organisms. |
| What is mutualism? | A symbiotic relationship where both species benefit. |
| Give an example of mutualism. | Bees pollinating flowers Clownfish and sea anemones Lichens (fungus and algae/cyanobacteria) |
| What is commensalism? | A symbiotic relationship where one species benefits, and the other is neither significantly harmed nor benefited. |
| Give an example of commensalism. | Barnacles on whales Cattle egrets feeding near grazing livestock Remoras attached to sharks |
| What is parasitism? | A symbiotic relationship where one species (the parasite) benefits at the expense of the other (the host), causing harm. |
| Give an example of parasitism. | Tapeworms in the human gut Ticks feeding on mammals Mistletoe growing on trees |
Created by:
CaesarClown