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Medi 90- Chap 9 End.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Endocrine Glands | Secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream |
| Exocrine Glands | Send chemical substances (tears, sweat, milk, saliva) via ducts outside the body |
| Hormone secretion is sent to | Target Organs |
| Target organ | Organ or tissue that responds to a hormone |
| Types of endocrine gland stimulation | Humoral stimulus, Neural stimulus, Hormonal stimulus |
| Hypersecretion | Excessive/Above normal secretion of hormones |
| Hyposecretion | Under/below/deficient secretion of hormones |
| -dipsia | thirst |
| -crine | secrete |
| -ism | condition |
| -trophy | development, nourishment |
| -emia | blood condition |
| -gen, -genesis | forming, producing, origin |
| -iasis | abnormal condition |
| -tropin | stimulate (stimulating the function of) |
| -osis | abnormal condition, increase |
| -pathy | disease |
| -penia | decrease, deficiency |
| -logy | study of |
| -logist | specialist in the study of |
| -tome | instrument to cut |
| -tomy | incision |
| -uria | urine |
| -oid | resembling |
| thym/o | thymus gland |
| thyroid/o, thyr/o | thyroid gland |
| parathyroid/o | parathyroid gland |
| pituitar/o | pituitary gland |
| pancreat/o | pancreas |
| adrenal/o, adren/o | adrenal gland |
| aden/o | gland |
| hem/o | blood |
| glyc/o, gluc/o, glucos/o, glycos/o | glucose, sugar |
| calc/o, calc/i | calcium |
| natr/o | sodium |
| kal/i | potassium |
| toxic/o | poison |
| crin/o | secrete |
| dips/o | thirst |
| acr/o | extremity |
| andr/o | male |
| orchid/o, orchi/o, orch/o, test/o | testis (pl. testes) |
| nephr/o, ren/o | kidney |
| a- | without, not |
| dys- | bad, painful difficult |
| endo- | in, within |
| hyper- | excessive, above normal |
| hypo- | under, below, deficient |
| para- | near, beside, beyond |
| pan- | all |
| Hypothalamus | |
| Hypothalamus target organ | Pituitary gland |
| Hypothalamus releases | Releasing and inhibiting hormones to anterior pituitary and neurohormones to posterior pituitary |
| Pituitary Gland | Master gland that secretes 8 major hormones |
| Pituitary gland target organ | Other endocrine glands |
| Pituitary gland functions | regulates body activities, stimulates glands to secrete specific hormones |
| Hyposecretion of the pituitary gland causes | Panhypopituitarism |
| Anterior lobe of the pituitary gland is also known as; make up | Adenohypophysis; glandular tissue |
| Adenohypophysis function | Manufactures and releases hormones |
| Posterior lobe of the pituitary gland also known as; make up | neurohypophysis; nerve fibers |
| Anterior pituitary gland releases | Follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, thyroid stimulate hormone, prolactin, growth hormone |
| Posterior pituitary gland releases | Oxytocin, antidiuretic hormone |
| Follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone target organs | Ovaries and testes |
| Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulates | hormones for sex follicle production in ovaries (ovum) and testes (sperm) |
| Luteinizing hormone (LH) stimulates | hormones in ovaries (estrogen/progesterone) and testes (testosterone) |
| Hyposecretion of FSH and LH | infertility, lack of sexual maturation |
| Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) target organ | adrenal glands |
| Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulates | Adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids- mainly cortisol |
| Hypersecretion of ACTH | Cushings disease (secondary to pituitary adenoma)- too much cortisol |
| Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) target organ | Thyroid gland |
| Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) regulates | Thyroid gland activity to release T3 and T4 |
| Hypersecretion of TSH | hyperthyroidism |
| Prolactin target organ | mammary glands |
| Prolactin function | Promotes lactation (milk production) and growth of breast tissue |
| Hyposecretion of prolactin | Poor lactation |
| Hypersecretion of prolactin | Too much lactation (galactorrhea) |
| Growth hormone (GH) target organ | Body tissues |
| Growth hormone function | Regulates growth of bone, muscle, and other body tissues. Increases use of fats for energy (somatotropin) |
| Hyposecretion of GH | Dwarfism (too little, stay little) |
| Hypersecretion of GH | gigantism (too much, get big) |
| Antidiuretic Hormone target organ | Kidneys |
| Antidiuretic hormone function | Increases water reabsorption by the kidney (water returns to the blood- keeps it in the body) to maintain water balance within the body; More ADH secreted; less urine produced |
| Vasopressin in high doses | also known as ADH causes vasoconstriction which increases systolic BP |
| Hyposecretion of ADH | Diabetes insipidus |
| Hypersecretion of ADH | syndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH) |
| Diabetes insipidus | Insufficient ADH from pituitary causing loss of water and less reabsorption |
| Oxytocin target organ | Uterine Muscle |
| Oxytocin function | Stimulates uterine contractions during labor and also targets mammary glands to promote breast milk ejection |
| -tocia | labor |
| Endonasal Transsphenoidal Surgery | Minimally invasive endoscopic surgery that removes pituitary tumors through the nasal cavity via the sphenoid sinus; AKA transsphenoidal hypophysectomy |
| Thyroid Gland target organ | All cells |
| Thyroid gland secretes | Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), calcitonin |
| T3 function | Increases rate of cellular metabolism |
| T4 function | Increases rate of cellular metabolism after being converted to T3 in the tissue |
| Thyroid gland function | Increases rate of O2 consumption affecting the rate at which carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are metabolized |
| Calcitonin target organ | Bones and kidneys |
| Calcitonin function | Regulates normal blood levels of calcium and phosphate to reduce blood calcium (antagonist to PTH) |
| Hyposecretion of the thyroid | Cretinism (infants), and myxedema (adults) |
| Hypersecretion of thyroid | Graves disease; Body makes antibody (TSI) which stimulates excessive hormone production causing exophthalmos and goiter |
| Parathyroid gland secretes | Parathyroid hormone (PTH) |
| Parathyroid target organ | Bones, kidneys, intestines |
| Parathyroid hormone function | Regulates calcium balance to increase blood calcium, activates osteoclasts, increases reabsorption of calcium and phosphate from bone to blood, increases calcium absorption from food, promotes vitamin D and increased calcium absorption |
| Parathyroid hormone inhibited by | Rising calcium in blood |
| Hyperparathyroidism causes | Loss of bone density, kidney stones, hypercalcemia, osteitis fibrosa cystica |
| Hypoparathyroidism | Deficient production of PTH leads to hypocalcemia that may result in tetany |
| Thymus gland is largest in | Children and after puberty the gland shrinks and is replaced by adipose tissue |
| Thymus gland secretes | Thymosin |
| Thymus gland function | Stimulates the development of disease-fighting T cells that plays a role in the development of the immune response in infants |
| Islets of Langerhans | Produce alpha (glucagon) and beta (insulin) cells |
| Pancreas function | Regulates blood glucose |
| Alpha and beta cells play a role | In proper metabolism of sugars and starches |
| Pancreatic hormones | Insulin and Glucagon |
| Insulin targets | Tissue cells and liver |
| Insulin function | Promotes movement of glucose into cells and promotes storage as glycogen in the to lower blood sugar |
| Glucagon targets | Liver and blood |
| Glucagon function | Promotes movement of glucose into the blood by breaking down glycogen stored in liver cells to raise blood sugar (glycogenolysis) |
| Insulin hyposecretion | Glucose does not enter the cell and instead returns to the blood causing hyperglycemia |
| Insulin hypersecretion | Causes hyperinsulinism and hypoglymia (too much insulin in the blood lowers blood sugar too much) |
| Glucagon hyposecretion | Causes hypoglycemia where there is not enough glucagon to stimulate glycogen breakdown in the liver, keeping blood sugar low |
| Diabetes Mellitus (DM) type 1 | Childhood onset, insulin dependent, autoimmune disease where immune system destroys beta cells that release insulin eliminating insulin production |
| Diabetes Mellitus (DM) type 2 | Adult onset; Non-insulin dependent, insulin resistant or deficient, pancreas eventually makes less insulin |
| Insulin pumps | Deliver insulin 24 hours a day via catheter placed under the skin |
| Glucometer | Monitors blood glucose levels (glycemia), self monitoring done preprandial and at bedtime |
| Adrenal Gland Function | |
| Layers of the adrenal gland | Adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex |
| Adrenal medulla secretes | Catecholamines |
| Adrenal cortex secretes | Glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, gonadocorticoids |
| Catecholamine hormones targets | SNS target organs |
| Catecholamines are directly controlled by the | hypothalamus and part of the sympathetic nervous system |
| Catecholamine types | Epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline) |
| Catecholamine causes | Vasoconstriction, elevation in BP, increased cardiac output, dilation of airways, mobilization of glucose |
| Glucocorticoid function | Affects metabolism of sugars, fats, and proteins (cortisol) and anti-inflammatory (corticosterone) |
| Glucocorticoids influence | Sugar (glucose) |
| Glucocorticoids target | Body cells |
| Mineralocorticoids targets | Kidneys |
| Mineralocorticoids type | Aldosterone |
| Mineralocorticoids influence | Salts (regulates electrolytes) |
| Aldosterone function | Reabsorption of Na+ and excretion of K+ in kidneys to promote water conservation and reduce urine output |
| Gonadocorticoids influence | Sex cells |
| Gonadocorticoids produce | Sex hormones |
| Gonadocorticoids function | Help maintain secondary sex characteristics, such as development of the breasts and adult distribution of hair |
| Hyposecretion of mineralocorticoids | Addison disease |
| Addison disease | Adrenal cortex is damaged or atrophied, low aldosterone levels, hyponatremia, fatigue, weakness, low BP, severe dehydration, syncope during postural hypotension |
| Cushing Syndrome | Cluster of symptoms produced by hypersecretion of cortisol; alters carbohydrate, protein metabolism, electrolyte balance |
| Cushing syndrome S/S | Obesity, moon-face, thoracic fat deposition, purple striae, hyperglycemia |
| Adrenal virilism (females) | Excessive androgens lead to male characteristics, amenorrhea, acne, deep voice, hirsutism (hair growth-hypertrichosis) |
| Feminization (males) | Excessive estrogens and progestins in males, development of feminine characteristics, gynecomastia |
| Ovaries secrete | Estrogen |
| Estrogen function | develop and maintain female sex organs and characteristics, initiates building of uterine lining |
| Estrogen secretion controlled by | FSH |
| Progesterone function | Thickens lining of the uterus, prepare the breast for milk production |
| Progesterone secretion controlled by | LH |
| Testes secrete | Testosterone |
| Testosterone function | Key role in sexual and reproductive development that influences the prostate gland |
| Pineal gland secretes | Melatonin |
| Melatonin function | Regulates circadian rhythm is influenced by light |
| Melatonin inhibited by | Light |
| Melatonin promoted by | Darkness |
| A1c testing | Used to diagnose DM with higher accuracy than other blood glucose tests |
| Fasting blood sugar (FBS) | Measures circulating glucose in a patient who has fasted at least; AKA fasting blood glucose |
| Glucose tolerance test (GTT) | Measures blood glucose levels at regular intervals (usually 1-3 hours) |
| Thyroid function test (TFT) | Measures T3, T4, and TSH in the bloodstream |
| Radioactive iodine uptake test (RAIU) | Nuclear imaging procedure that combines a thyroid scan with an RAIU procedure to evaluate the structure and physiological functioning of the thyroid gland; Measures how well the thyroid gland can absorb iodine from the blood (iodine uptake) |
| Hormone Replacement therapy (HRT) | Oral administration or injection of synthetic hormones to correct hormone deficiencies |
| Corticosteroids | Replace hormones lost in adrenal insufficiency (Addison disease); also used to suppress inflammation |
| Insulins | Lowers blood glucose levels by promoting its entrance into body cells and converting glucose to glycogen |
| Oral hypoglycemics | Stimulate insulin secretion from pancreatic cells in type 2 DM and decrease peripheral resistance to insulin |
Created by:
jrivas21