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SOC KEY TERMS
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Differential Association theory | a theory that states individuals learn deviant behavior from those close to them who provide models of and opportunities for deviance |
| •Primary deviance: | a violation of norms that does not result in any long-term effects on the individual’s self- image or interactions with others |
| Secondary deviance | deviance that occurs when a person’s self-concept and behavior begin to change after his or her actions are labeled as deviant by members of society |
| Media | all print, digital, and electronic means of communication |
| The Knowledge Gap | the gap in information that builds as groups grow up without access to technology |
| Social mobility | the ability to change positions in a social stratification system |
| Absolute poverty: | deprivation so severe that it puts day-to-day survival in jeopardy. |
| Relative poverty: | not haing the means to live the lifestyle of the average person in your country |
| Dependency theory | a theory which states that global inequity is due to the exploitation of peripheral and semi-peripheral nations by core nations |
| Sociology | the systematic study of society and social interaction |
| • Sociological Imagination | the ability to understand how your own past relates to that of other people, as well as to history in general and societal structures in particular |
| • Symbolic Interactionism: | a theoretical perspective through which scholars examine the relationship of individuals within their society by studying their communication (language and symbols) |
| Conflict Theory: | a theory that looks at society as a competition for limited resources |
| Structural Functionalism (functionalism) : | a theoretical approach that sees society as a structure with interrelated parts designed to meet the biological and social needs of individuals that make up that society |
| • Qualitative data: | non-numerical, descriptive data that is often subjective and based on what is experienced |
| Quantitative data: | : data collected in numerical form that can be counted and analyzed using statistics |
| • Field research: | : gathering data from a natural environment without doing a lab experiment or survey |
| • Case study : | in-depth analysis of a single event, situation, or individual |
| • Reliability: | : a measure of a study’s consistency that considers how likely results are to be replicated if a study is reproduced |
| Validity | the degree to which a sociological measure accurately reflects the topic of study |
| • Culture | shared beliefs, values, and practices |
| • Sapir-Wharf hypothesis: linguistic relativity: | the way that people understand the world based on their form of language |
| • Subcultures: | groups that share a specific identification, apart from a society’s majority, even as the members exist within a larger society |
| Countercultures | groups that reject and oppose society’s widely accepted cultural patterns |
| • Bourgeoisie | the owners of the means of production in a society |
| • Proletaria | the laborers in a society |
| • Mechanical solidarity: | : a type of social order maintained by the collective consciousness of a culture |
| • Organic solidarity | : a type of social order based around an acceptance of economic and social differences |
| • Ascribed status | the status outside of an individual’s control, such as sex or race |
| • Achieved status: | the status a person chooses, such as a level of education or income |
| • Socialization | the process wherein people come to understand societal norms and expectations, to accept society’s beliefs, and to be aware of societal values |
| • Agents of socialization | Our direct interactions with social groups, like families and peers, teach us how others expect us to behave. Likewise, a society’s formal and informal institutions socialize its population |
| • Resocialization: | the process by which old behaviors are removed and new behaviors are learned in their place |
| • Primary groups: | small, informal groups of people who are closest to us |
| Secondary groups | larger and more impersonal groups that are task-focused and time limited |
| • Bureaucracy | formal organizations characterized by a hierarchy of authority, a clear division of labor, explicit rules, and impersonality. |
| • In-group: | : a group a person belongs to and feels is an integral part of his identity |
| Out-group | : a group that an individual is not a member of, and may even compete with |
| • Control theory: | a theory that states social control is directly affected by the strength of social bonds and that deviance results from a feeling of disconnection from society |
Created by:
zaharazarina