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CH 18-19-20
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The ___ controls muscle and body functions: | cerebellum |
| The ___ controls the most basic functions such as: | breathing, blood pressure, swallowing, pupil constriction |
| The cerebrum is divided into ___ hemispheres: | 2- left and right |
| which area of the cerebrum controls emotion and thought: | front |
| which area of the cerebrum controls sensation and movement: | middle |
| which area of the cerebrum controls sight: | back |
| Each side of the cerebrum controls what side of the body? | opposite |
| where is speech controlled on which side of the brain near the middle of the cerebrum: | left |
| messages sent to and from the brain travel through: | nerves |
| Foreman magnum: | nerves join in the spinal cord and exit the brain through a large opening in the base of the skull |
| tension headache: | Caused by muscle contractions in the head and neck, Attributed to stress, Pain is usually described as squeezing, dull, or as an ache |
| Migraine headaches: | Thought to be caused by changes in blood vessel size in the base of the brain, Pain is usually described as pounding, throbbing, and pulsating, Often associated with nausea and vomiting, and may be preceded by visual changes, can last for hrs or days |
| Sinus headaches: | Caused by pressure that is the result of fluid accumulation in the sinus cavities, Patients may also have cold-like symptoms of nasal congestion, cough, and fever |
| Serious conditions that include headache as a symptom are: | hemorrhagic stroke, brain tumor, and meningitis. |
| There are two main types of stroke: | ischemic and hemorrhagic |
| stroke: | Also called a cerebrovascular accident (CVA), Results in the loss of brain function |
| Ischemic stroke: | Results from thrombosis or an embolus, Atherosclerosis in the blood vessels is often the cause, Symptoms may range from nothing at all to complete paralysis, most common stroke |
| hemorrhagic stroke: | Results from bleeding inside the brain, People at high risk include those experiencing stress or exertion, People at highest risk are those who have very high blood pressure |
| Aneurysm: | Swelling or enlargement of the wall of an artery resulting from a defect or weakening of the arterial wall |
| transient ischemic attack (TIA) | Stroke-like symptoms go away on their own in less than 24 hours, may be a warning sign of a bigger stroke to come, About one-third of patients who have it will experience a stroke |
| signs and symptoms of a stroke: | facial droop, sudden weakness or numbness in the body, decreased or absent movement/sensation on one side of the body, lack of muscle coordination or loss of balance, sudden vision loss in one eye, blurred vision, decreased LOC, confusion, dizziness |
| Stroke in the left hemisphere may cause: | aphasia- inability to produce or understand speech, may cause R paralysis of the body |
| if right hemisphere is affected by a stroke: | paralysis of L side of body, pts can understand language and are able to speak, pts may be oblivious to their problem |
| BE FAST= | Balance, Eyes, Facial droop, Arm drift, Speech, Time |
| bleeding in the brain: | pts may have hypertension, significant drops in blood pressure may occur as pts condition worsens |
| Glasgow Coma Scale 8 or less | indicates severe dysfunction |
| Glasgow Coma Scale 9-12 | indicates moderate dysfunction |
| Glasgow Coma Scale 13-15 | indicates mild dysfunction |
| A 41-year-old man presents with slow, irregular breathing; hypotension; and dilated pupils. These signs MOST likely indicate dysfunction of the: | brainstem |
| An acute ischemic stroke is caused by: | a blocked cerebral artery |
| A 56-year-old man experienced a sudden, severe headache and then became unresponsive. He has a history of high blood pressure. The MOST likely cause of his condition is a(n) | hemorrhagic stroke |
| A patient with a suspected stroke presents with slurred speech that is difficult for you to understand. This is referred to as: | dysarthria |
| A type of seizure that is characterized by severe twitching of all the body’s muscles and lasts for several minutes or longer is called a(n): | generalized seizure |
| The MOST important reason for promptly transporting a stroke patient to the hospital is: | medications may be given to reverse the stroke |
| What are components of the Cincinnati Pre-hospital Stroke Scale? | Facial symmetry, speech, arm drift |
| If a patient complains of a severe migraine, how should she be transported? | Without lights and siren |
| abdominal cavity contains : | gastrointestinal system, genital systems and urinary system |
| solid organs include: | liver, kidneys, spleen, ovaries, pancreas |
| hollow organs include: | gallbladder, ureter, fallopian tubes, large intestine, urinary bladder, stomach, small intestine, uterus (things can travel through) |
| gastrointestinal system is responsible for: | digestion process, digestion begins when food is chewed, gastric juices break down food |
| what does the liver do? | liver assists in digestion. secretes bile and aids in digestion of fats, filters toxic substances, creates glucose stores |
| gallbladder: | reservoir for bile |
| small intestine includes: | duodenum, jejunum, ileum |
| duodenum: | digestive juices from pancreas and liver mix. pancreas releases amylase, insulin and bicarbonate |
| jejunum: | absorbs digestive products, does most of the work |
| ileum: | Absorbs nutrients that were not absorbed earlier. Absorbs bile acids so they can be returned to the liver for future use and vitamin B12 for making nerve cells and red blood cells |
| large intestine includes: | colon |
| Colon | Food that is not broken down comes here. Water is absorbed. Stool is formed. |
| spleen: | Located in abdomen. No digestive function |
| male reproductive system includes: | Testicles. Epididymis. Vasa deferentia. Seminal vesicles. Prostate gland. Penis |
| female reproductive system includes: | Ovaries. Fallopian tubes. Uterus. Cervix. Vagina |
| urinary system does what? | Controls discharge of waste materials filtered from blood by kidneys. The kidneys are solid organs. There are two kidneys, one on each side of the body. Ureters join each kidney to the bladder. |
| bladder: | The bladder is located behind the pubic symphysis. The bladder empties urine outside body through the urethra. The bladder empties urine outside body through the urethra. 1.5 to 2 L of urine per day |
| Peritonitis: | Inflammation of peritoneum. Typically causes ileus |
| Ileus: | Paralysis of muscular contractions. Retained gas and feces cause distention. Stomach empties by emesis |
| Diverticulitis: | Inflammation of small pockets at weak areas in the muscle walls |
| Cholecystitis: | Inflammation of the gallbladder |
| Two types of nerves supply the peritoneum: | Parietal peritoneum and Visceral peritoneum |
| Visceral peritoneum: | supplied by the autonomic nervous system |
| Parietal peritoneum: | supplied by the same nerves that supply the skin of the abdomen |
| Ulcers: | Protective layer of mucus erodes, allowing acid to eat into the organ. May lead to gastric bleeding and peritonitis |
| Gallstones: | may form and block its outlet. Cause pain. Lead to cholecystitis |
| Pancreatitis: | Inflammation of the pancreas. Caused by obstructing gallstone, alcohol abuse, or other diseases. Signs and symptoms include pain in upper left and right quadrants, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal distention. Sepsis or hemorrhage may occur. |
| Appendicitis: | Inflammation or infection in the appendix. Nausea, vomiting, anorexia, fever, chills, rebound tenderness |
| Gastrointestinal hemorrhage: | Bleeding within gastrointestinal tract. May be acute or chronic |
| Esophagitis: | Lining of the esophagus becomes inflamed by infection or acids from the stomach. Pain in swallowing, heartburn, nausea, vomiting, sores in mouth |
| Esophageal varices: | Capillary network in the esophagus leaks. Fatigue, weight loss, jaundice, anorexia, edema, abdominal pain |
| Mallory-Weiss syndrome: | Junction between esophagus and stomach tears. Principal symptom: vomiting |
| Gastroenteritis: | Infection from bacterial or viral organisms or caused by noninfectious conditions. Principal symptom: diarrhea |
| Diverticulitis: | Fecal matter becomes caught in colon walls, causing inflammation and infection. Fever, malaise, body aches, chills |
| Hemorrhoids: | Created by swelling and inflammation of blood vessels surrounding rectum. Bright red blood during defecation |
| Cystitis: | Bladder infection. UTI. Caused by bacterial infection. Becomes serious if infection spreads to kidneys. Reports of urgency and frequency of urination |
| kidneys: | plays a major role in homeostasis. when a kidney fails, uremia results. kidney stones can cause blockage. |
| Acute kidney failure: | Sudden decrease in kidney function. Reversible with prompt diagnosis and treatment |
| Chronic kidney failure: | Irreversible. Progressive, develops over months/years. Eventually dialysis or transplant is required |
| lower quadrant pain in females: | ovaries, Fallopian tubes or uterus |
| abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) | ball in abdomen usually towards top of abdomen. tearing feeling that goes into their back |
| Hernias: | Protrusion of an organ or tissue through an opening into a body cavity where it does not belong. May not always produce noticeable mass or lump. Strangulation is a serious medical emergency |
| signs of a hernia: | A formerly reducible mass that is no longer reducible. Pain at the hernia site. Tenderness when the hernia is palpated. Red or blue skin discoloration |
| dialysis: | only definitive treatment for chronic kidney failure. Dialysis filters blood, cleans it of toxins, and returns it to body. If the patient misses dialysis treatment, pulmonary edema can occur |
| adverse effects of dialysis: | Hypotension. Dysrhythmias. Muscle cramps. Nausea and vomiting. Hemorrhage from access site. Infection at access site |
| Symptomatic hypoglycemia will MOST likely develop if a patient: | takes too much of his or her prescribed insulin. |
| A 50 yr old M with diabetes has an altered mental status and is unable to tell you when he last ate or took his insulin. You are unable to determine his blood glucose level. What clinical signs would MOST likely lead you to the correct diagnosis? | Deep and rapid breathing |
| A 42 yr old M found unresponsive. During ur assessmt, u find no signs of trauma, and the pt's BS is 75. His BP is 168/98, his heart rate is 45 and bounding, and his respirs are 8 and irregular. Pt is wearing a bracelet says he's hemophilia. U: | suspect that he has intracranial bleeding, assist his ventilations, and transport rapidly to an appropriate hospital. |
| In contrast to type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes: | is caused by resistance to insulin at the cellular level. |
| A 37-year-old female with a history of diabetes presents with excessive urination and weakness of 2 days' duration. Her blood glucose level reads 320 mg/dL. If this patient's condition is not promptly treated, she will MOST likely develop: | acidosis and dehydration. |
| Diabetic ketoacidosis occurs when: | insulin is not available in the body. |
| Insulin functions in the body by: | enabling glucose to enter the cells. |
| When assessing an unresponsive diabetic patient, the primary visible difference between hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia is the: | rate and depth of breathing. |
| A man finds 59 yr old unconscious. He states that she takes meds for type 2 diabetes. He further tells you that his wife has been ill recently and has not eaten for the past 24 hours. Your assessment reveals that the patient is unresponsive. You should: | open and maintain her airway and assess breathing. |
| During your assessment of a 19-year-old male, you are told that he is being treated with factor VIII. This indicates that: | he has hemophilia A. |
| A 19 yr old M complains of "not feeling right." His insulin and a syringe are on a table. The pt says he thinks he took it and cannot remember whether he ate. Also unable to tell you day/time. The glucometer reads "error" after several attempts. U should: | contact medical control and administer oral glucose. |
| Type 1 diabetes: | is a condition in which no insulin is produced by the body. |
| The normal blood glucose level is between: | 80 and 120 mg/dL. |
| Excessive eating caused by cellular "hunger" is called: | polyphagia. |
| Assessment of a patient with hypoglycemia will MOST likely reveal: | combativeness |
| A 75-year-old male with type 1 diabetes presents with chest pain and a general feeling of weakness. He tells you that he took his insulin today and ate a regular meal approximately 2 hours ago. You should treat this patient as though he is experiencing: | a heart attack. |
| Pain that radiates to the right lower quadrant from the umbilical area, nausea and vomiting, and lack of appetite are MOST indicative of: | appendicitis |
| The parietal peritoneum lines the: | walls of the abdominal cavity. |
| Which organs lies in the retroperitoneal space? | Pancreas |
| Erosion of the protective layer of the stomach or duodenum secondary to overactivity of digestive juices results in: | an ulcer. |
| Patients with acute abdominal pain should not be given anything to eat or drink because: | substances in the stomach increase the risk of aspiration. |
| The principal symptom in both infectious and noninfectious gastroenteritis is: | diarrhea |
| You are dispatched to an apartment complex for a young male with abdominal pain. Your priority upon arriving at the scene should be to: | assess the scene for potential hazards. |
| A young female presents with costovertebral angle tenderness. She is conscious and alert with stable vital signs. Which organ is MOST likely causing her pain? | Kidney |
| A 30 yr old F with a hx of alcoholism presents severe upper abdominal pain and is vomiting large amounts of bright red blood. Her skin is cool, pale, and clammy; her heart rate is 120 and weak; and her BP is 70/50. Your MOST immediate action should be to: | protect her airway from aspiration. |
| A 29-year-old pregnant woman has had severe vomiting for the last 2 days. Today, she is vomiting large amounts of blood. Her skin is cool and pale, and she is tachycardic. The EMT should suspect: | Mallory-Weiss tear. |
| An important aspect in the treatment of a patient with severe abdominal pain is to: | provide emotional support en route to the hospital. |
| Pain that is localized to the lower back and/or lower abdominal quadrants is MOST suggestive of: | an aortic aneurysm. |
| A 70 yr old M complains of weakness and severe SOB. His wife says he does dialysis, missed his last 2. After applying o2, you auscultate his lungs and hear diffuse rhonchi. The pt is conscious, but appears confused. His BP is 98/54, his HR is 120 and i | leave him in a sitting position, keep him warm, and prepare for immediate transport. |
| Which organ assists in the filtration of blood, serves as a blood reservoir, and produces antibodies? | spleen |
| A 35-year-old obese woman is complaining of localized pain in the right upper quadrant with referred pain to the right shoulder. The MOST likely cause of her pain is: | acute cholecystitis. |
| The frontal lobe of the brain controls: | emotion |
| Individuals with chronic alcoholism are predisposed to intracranial bleeding and hypoglycemia secondary to abnormalities in the: | liver |
| The three major parts of the brain are the: | cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem. |
| You're assessing a 49 yr old M experienced a sudden, severe headache and then passed out. He's unresponsive and has slow, irregular breathing. His BP is 190/94, and his HR is 50. His wife says he has hypertension and diabetes. He MOST likely experienced: | a ruptured cerebral artery. |
| At grocery store 5 mins after a 21 yr old F stopped seizing. She's confused; she keeps asking what happened and says she thirsty. Her bro tells u that she take meds for seizures, but hasn't taken in days. She's also diabetic. You give o2 then u: | monitor her airway and breathing status and assess her blood glucose level. |
| 29 yr old M complains of headache and nausea over 12 hrs. He is conscious/alert and tells u his doc dx with headaches. He tells u he has taken numerous meds but none helps. His BP is 132/74, his HR is 110 and strong, and his respirs are 20. Tx include: | dimming the lights in the back of the ambulance and transporting without lights and siren. |
| Which medications would indicate that a patient has a history of seizures? | Levetiracetam (Keppra) |
| A patient who is possibly experiencing a stroke is NOT eligible for thrombolytic (fibrinolytic) therapy if he or she: | has bleeding on the brain |
| You arrive at a grocery store shortly after a 35 yr old M stopped seizing. Your assessmt reveals he's confused and incontinent. The pt's gf tells you he has a history of seizures and takes Topamax. When obtaining further hx, it is MOST important to: | obtain a description of how the seizure developed. |
| You are dispatched to a residence for a 66-year-old male who, according to family members, has suffered a massive stroke. Your primary assessment reveals that the patient is unresponsive, apneic, and pulseless. You should: | initiate CPR and attach an AED as soon as possible. |
| You are caring for a 68-year-old man with sudden onset of left-sided paralysis and slurred speech. His airway is patent, his respirations are 14 breaths/min with adequate depth, and his oxygen saturation is 98%. Treatment for this patient should include: | recovery position and transport. |
| What's a metabolic cause of a seizure? | Poisoning |
Created by:
bhicks701