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Law
law exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Describe the role of the United Nations in international law. | The UN promotes and develops international law, resolves disputes through the International Court of Justice, and supports peace, justice, and human rights. It helps create treaties and ensures states follow international legal standards. |
| Describe the role of the Security Council. | The UN Security Council is responsible for maintaining international peace and security. Authorize military action, sanctions, or peacekeeping missions. Respond to threats to peace, aggression, or conflicts. Issue binding resolutions that UN member state |
| Explain why some criticize the ‘veto power’ given to permanent members of the Security Council. | |
| Discuss criticisms that have been made about the United Nations. | Inefficiency: Slow decision-making and bureaucracy. Security Council Power: Veto power by five permanent members can block action. Lack of Enforcement: Difficulty enforcing resolutions and peacekeeping mandates. |
| Explain why human trafficking occurs. | |
| Describe warning signs that a person might be a victim of human trafficking. | |
| Explain why there are few convictions for human trafficking. | |
| Discuss the significance of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in shaping global human rights standards. | First global document to outline fundamental human rights. Established universal principles of dignity, equality, and freedom. Inspired national constitutions and international laws. Provides a common framework for protecting human rights worldwi |
| Explain how the UDHR influenced Canada’s Charter of Rights and Freedoms. | The UDHR set a global standard for fundamental human rights. Inspired the Charter’s focus on protecting individual freedoms and equality. Provided a foundation for rights like freedom of expression, religion, and fair treatment. Helped shape Cana |
| Describe limitations of the UDHR. | Not legally binding—serves as a guideline, not enforceable law. Relies on voluntary compliance by countries. Cultural differences affect interpretation and implementation. Lacks mechanisms to punish violators directly. Some rights can conflict |
| Describe methods used by international drug traffickers to evade detection. | |
| Describe the major challenges of combating international drug trafficking. | |
| Describe the global impact of international drug trafficking. | |
| Explain why INTERPOL is a necessary organization in our modern world. | Crime often crosses borders, needing global cooperation. Helps share intelligence quickly between countries. Coordinates efforts against transnational crimes like terrorism, trafficking, and cybercrime. Supports countries with limited resources o |
| Describe the different types of notices issued by INTERPOL, and how they assist in international law enforcement. | Red: Arrest wanted persons. Blue: Track location/identity. Yellow: Find missing people. Black: Identify unknown bodies. Orange: Warn about threats. Purple: Share crime methods/info. Green: Warn about criminals. |
| How does INTERPOL facilitate international cooperation in law enforcement, and what challenges does it face in combating transnational crimes? | Shares info, coordinates police worldwide. Issues alerts for fugitives. Challenges: Needs member cooperation. Faces politics and legal differences. Struggles with cybercrime. |
| Describe reasons why countries impose tariffs. | Protect domestic industries and jobs. Raise government revenue. Reduce trade deficits. |
| Describe the effect of tariffs. | ncrease prices of imported goods. Protect domestic industries from foreign competition. Can lead to trade disputes and retaliation. May reduce variety and efficiency in the market. Impact consumers through higher costs. Can affect internati |
| Explain why President Trump imposed tariffs on Canada and discuss the results. | Imposed to protect U.S. steel and aluminum industries for national security. Canada retaliated with tariffs on U.S. goods. Caused trade tensions and higher prices. Led to negotiations and eventual tariff relief. |
| Should governments use tariffs as a tool to protect domestic industries, or do they create more harm than good in a globalized economy? | Pros: Protect local jobs and businesses. Cons: Raise consumer prices and risk trade wars. Can hurt global trade and economic efficiency. |
| Describe different types of cybercrimes | Hacking: Unauthorized access to computers or networks. Phishing: Trick users into revealing personal info via fake emails or websites. Identity Theft: Stealing personal information to commit fraud. Malware: Using viruses or ransomware to damage o |
| Explain why it is difficult to prosecute those responsible for international cybercrime | Cross-border Jurisdiction: Cybercriminals operate from different countries, complicating legal authority. Anonymity: Attackers hide their identities using techniques like VPNs and proxies. Different Laws: Countries have varying cybercrime laws and e |
| Describe how an individual can protect themselves so they do not become a victim of a cybercrime. | Use strong, unique passwords; change regularly. Enable two-factor authentication. Keep software and devices updated. Avoid suspicious emails and links. Use secure Wi-Fi; avoid public networks for sensitive info. |
| Explain why people engage in digital piracy despite the legal risks. | cost less, lack of awareness |
| Describe challenges that exist in combating digital piracy. | Pirates hide identities online. Cross-border jurisdiction issues. Rapidly changing technology. High enforcement costs. Strong consumer demand for free content. Varying laws across countries. |
| Describe the effect of digital piracy. | Digital piracy—illegally copying or sharing digital content—causes significant revenue losses for creators and industries, leading to fewer jobs and less new content. It also exposes users to poor-quality or unsafe files and creates unfair competition for |
| Describe the 10 stages of a genocide. | Classification – dividing groups. Symbolization – labeling groups. Discrimination – denying rights. Dehumanization – insulting victims. Organization – planning attacks. Polarization – increasing hate. Preparation – targeting victims. Persecutio |
| How effective is international law in preventing and prosecuting genocide? | Sets clear rules to prevent and punish genocide. Prosecutes leaders through international courts. Promotes global awareness and condemnation. Challenges: depends on state cooperation, political will, and resources. Delays and enforcement issue |
| List challenges to prosecuting the crime of genocide. | Gathering reliable evidence in conflict zones. Identifying individual responsibility within large-scale crimes. Political interference or lack of cooperation from governments. Witness intimidation and fear of retaliation. |
| Explain how future genocides can be prevented. | Early warning and monitoring. Education on tolerance and history. Strong laws and accountability. International cooperation. Protect vulnerable groups. Promote dialogue and understanding. |
| Explain the role of the International Criminal Court. | Prosecutes serious crimes like genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity. Acts when national courts can’t or won’t prosecute. Promotes justice and deters future crimes. Provides fair trials and supports victims internationally. |
| List criticisms that have been made about the International Criminal Court. | Accused of bias, mainly targeting African countries. Limited enforcement power; relies on states to arrest suspects. Slow and expensive trials. Some major countries (e.g., USA, China, Russia) don’t recognize or cooperate with ICC. Challenges in protec |
| Discuss legal changes that happened in Canada as a result of terrorism. | Anti-Terrorism Act (2001): expanded arrest, detention, surveillance powers. Public Safety Act (2005): created national security department. New terrorism offenses added to Criminal Code. Bill C-51 (2015): increased intelligence sharing, raised privacy |
| Evaluate the effectiveness of Canada’s response to the threat of terrorism. | Good intelligence sharing domestically and internationally. Community engagement helps prevent radicalization. Laws like the Anti-Terrorism Act enhance preventive powers. Challenges: balancing security with civil liberties and improving agency coordina |
| Explain how terrorists become ‘radicalized’. | Radicalization is the process by which individuals come to adopt extreme beliefs that may lead to support for or participation in terrorism. |
| List examples of weapons and tactics that are banned in war. | Chemical weapons, Biological weapons, Landmines, Cluster bombs, Poisoned weapons, Nuclear weapons. Targeting civilians or civilian infrastructure, inhumane treatment of prisoners ,Use of human shields, Attacking hospitals, schools, or religious sites |
| Explain why there are rules to war. | To limit unnecessary suffering. To protect civilians, wounded, and prisoners. To maintain humanity during conflict. To hold violators accountable. To promote peace and order. |
| How effective is international humanitarian law in preventing war crimes? Discuss with reference to the Geneva Conventions. | Sets rules to protect victims of war. Creates norms and deters war crimes. Enables prosecution of violations. Enforcement is limited by politics and cooperation. Hard to control non-state groups. |
| Explain why it is difficult to hold individuals accountable for committing war crimes. | Complexity of Evidence: War zones are chaotic, making it hard to collect clear, reliable evidence. Jurisdiction Issues: Different countries may have conflicting laws, and some may refuse to cooperate. Political Challenges: Governments or leaders might p |
| Describe cyberwarfare tactics that might be used by a country. | Hacking to steal or disrupt. Malware to damage systems. DoS attacks to block services. Phishing to get passwords. Espionage to steal secrets. Sabotage of critical infrastructure. Disinformation to confuse or influence. |
| Explain how cyberwarfare differs from traditional warfare. | Cyberwarfare occurs in digital space; traditional warfare in physical space. Cyberwarfare involves hacking and digital attacks; traditional uses weapons and troops. Cyberwarfare targets data, infrastructure, and communications; traditional warfare tar |
| Explain why extradition is a necessary legal process in our modern world. | Crime often crosses international borders. Prevents criminals from escaping justice by fleeing abroad. Promotes international cooperation in law enforcement. Essential for addressing serious crimes like terrorism, drug trafficking, and fraud. |
| Provide an overview of the extradition process used in Canada. | Foreign country requests extradition. Canadian courts check if legal conditions are met (dual criminality, evidence). Judge holds a hearing. If approved, Minister of Justice decides on surrender. Person can appeal. |
| List criticisms of Canada’s extradition process. | Risk of unfair trials or political prosecutions abroad Possibility of torture, death penalty, or human rights abuses Courts may give too much trust to requesting countries Poor protection for vulnerable individuals (e.g., minors, mentally ill) |
| Should Canada extradite individuals to countries where they may face the death penalty or torture? Discuss legal and ethical considerations. | Canada should not extradite individuals to countries where they face a real risk of the death penalty or torture unless it receives guarantees that such penalties won’t be applied. |
| Provide an overview of the terms of the Outer Space Treaty | The Outer Space Treaty promotes peaceful, cooperative, and responsible exploration of space, while prohibiting national claims and military use of space. |
| Explain why the Outer Space Treaty is in need of an update | The Outer Space Treaty needs updating to address modern technology, commercial activity, security issues, and space sustainability. |
| Explain differences between domestic and international law. | Domestic law governs individuals within a state. International law governs relationships between states and international actors. |
| Explain why international law is necessary in the modern world. | In short, international law helps create order, fairness, and stability in a connected and interdependent world. |
| Explain how international law is created. | Treaties and conventions Customary law General legal principles Court decisions and legal writings UN and international bodies |
| Describe challenges that exist in the creating and enforcing international law. | No Global Government State Sovereignty Lack of Enforcement Power Veto Power in the UN Security Council Differences in Legal Systems Limited Jurisdiction Political Influence |
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