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FINAL EXAM
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| First space satellite? | Sputnik |
| First Human in Space? | Yuri Ggarin |
| First Mars Lander? | Viking 1 |
| What is a flyby? | Flies by a planet just once |
| What are orbiters? | Orbit around another world |
| Speed of current spacecrafts? | <1/10,000c; 100,000 years to the nearest stars |
| Biogenisis | Life comes from life |
| Evolution | inherited changes in populations of organisms over time |
| On the origin of species | Written by Darwin in 1859 |
| traits determined by genes are | heritable |
| advantageous traits become more common in a population resulting in? | adaptation |
| how mammals maintain body temp? | thermalregulation |
| Genetic Drift | evolution of populations due to chance |
| Gene flow | Changes in allele frequency result from the movement of alleles into or out of a population, such as through migration. |
| Speciation | formation of new species |
| Prezygotic reproductive barrier | results in hybrids that do not survive or are sterile |
| allopatric speciation | speciation occurs after a geographic barrier divides a population into two isolated populations. |
| hominids | subgroup within primates that includes Homo sapiens |
| The X-Men are | mutants |
| Gene | section of DNA that contains the instructions for building a protein |
| Genotype | All of an organism's genes or alleles make up its genotype |
| Phenotype | The traits of an organism (phenotype) are influenced by its genotype |
| chromosome | consists of a long DNA molecule wrapped around small proteins called histones. |
| Most cells have two of each kind of | chromosome. These cells are diploid |
| Sperm and eggs contain only one of each kind of chromosome. | Haploid |
| How many chromosomes do humans have? | 46 - 23 pairs |
| Four nitrogenous bases are used in DNA | Adenine (A) Guanine (G) Cytosine (C) Thymine (T) |
| Adenine (A) binds with? | Thymine (T) |
| Guanine (G) binds with? | Cytosine (C) |
| Meiosis | form of cell division used to make haploid cells, such as eggs and sperm |
| one diploid cell divides into four haploid cells. | Meiosis |
| How does meiosis result in genetic diversity? | -Independent separation of homologous chromosomes -Crossing over |
| Mendel demonstrated | existence of dominant and recessive traits. |
| In incomplete dominance | there are two alleles and neither is dominant. |
| Pleiotropy occurs when | a single gene affects more than one trait |
| A genome is | the total genetic material of an organism |
| Humans have about 22,000 | genes |
| A transgenic organism | is one that contains a gene from another species. |
| Algorithm: | A set of steps that defines how a task is performed |
| Program | A representation of an algorithm to perform a task |
| Logic gates | AND, OR, NOT, XOR |
| High-level languages in programing? | Python, Java, C++ |
| Punch cards are an early form of? | computing |
| First electronic computers? | 1940's used vacuum tubes. Used for decoding messages |
| Moores Law | # of chips on tranistor doubles every two years |
| prototype of todays internet was | The ARPANET (network between four universities) |
| WWW was invented in | 1990 |
| Big data | massive amounts of collected data |
| The first industrial robot (Unimate) worked in a | GM factory in New Jersey, welding car parts |
| Intelligence | At its core, it encompasses learning, reasoning, memory, language, and decision-making. |
| narrow intelligence | optimized for specific, well-defined tasks |
| Artificial Intelligence (AI) refers to | computer systems that perform tasks associated with human intelligence, such as language understanding, image recognition, and problem-solving. |
| Turing Test | A human chats via two computer terminals |
| Machine Learning (ML) | The core of modern AI. Systems learn from data instead of following explicit rules |
| Machine learning comes in two main forms | Unsupervised learning -No clues are given. Supervised learning -Training data includes the correct answers to help the machine distinguish each category e.g. a list of spam and non-spam messages |
| Common machine learning techniques | -Artificial neural networks -Genetic algorithms -Bayesian networks |
| Computer Vision | field of AI that focuses on enabling computers to understand and interpret visual information. |
| Bacteria | Single-celled, microscopic organisms |
| Fungi | Eukaryotic organisms (cells with a nucleus), including molds, yeasts, and mushrooms |
| Viruses | mall pieces of genetic material (DNA or RNA) wrapped in a protein coat (capsid) |
| Prions | are incorrectly folded proteins |
| Pandemic | spread of infectious diseases through large regions of populations; generally from continent to continent |
| Innate immune system | Skin Mucous Membrane Innate Immune Cells |
| Invisibility | Using Refraction |
| The proper sequence of events in building a protein from a gene is | transcription, translation |
| The AB blood type in humans is an example of | codominance |
| Human height and skin color are examples of | polygenic traits |
| Which is NOT a consideration that was discussed regarding generational ships? | Mining |
| If an elderly Da Vinci were to travel back in time and give his younger self a copy of the Mona Lisa and the younger one claims it as his own and then when he gets older goes back to give it to his younger self, it is an example of what? | Free-Lunch Paradox |
Created by:
melanie.murray