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A&P Lab WK1
A&P Lab Week 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Anatomical Position: | The body is standing erect with the head up and eyes looking forward. The arms are by the sides with the palms facing forward - fingers up laterally The legs are straight with the toes pointing forward. |
| Sagittal plane: | vertical anatomical plane that divides the body into right and left sections |
| Midsagittal plane: | vertical anatomical plane that divides the body perfectly from the middle to create equal right/left halves |
| Parasagittal plane: | vertical anatomical plane that unequally divides the body from the middle into right and left sections |
| Frontal/coronal plane: | vertical anatomical plane that divides the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) sections - divided from the ear |
| Transverse/horizontal plane: | divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) halves |
| Right upper quadrant (RUQ): | is bordered by the right rib cage and the navel |
| RUQ contains: | liver, gallbladder, right kidney, and parts of the stomach, small intestine, and colon |
| Right lower quadrant (RLQ): | is outlined by the intersection of the umbilical plane and the right inguinal ligament, with the right lower portion extending from the median plane to the patient's right side. |
| RLQ contains: | appendix, cecum ascending colon (parts of large intestine), a portion of the small intestine (ileum), the right ureter, |
| RLQ differences in male/female: | in females, right ovary and Fallopian tube, and in males, the right spermatic cord |
| Left upper quadrant (LUQ): | is a section of the abdomen, under the left rib cage, described as the quarter on the left side closest to the ribs. |
| LUQ contains: | stomach, spleen, pancreas, left kidney, left lobe of the liver, and parts of the colon. |
| Left lower quadrant (LLQ): | The region of the body below the ribcage and above the pubic bone, on the patient's left side |
| LLQ contains: | parts of the large intestine, descending colon and sigmoid colon, the left ureter, |
| LLQ differences in male/female: | females: the left ovary and Fallopian tube. This region also includes nerves, blood vessels. Males: the left spermatic cord |
| Superior: | above (toward the head) - highest |
| Inferior: opposite of superior | below (away from the head) - lowest (superior and inferior refers to things that are straight up and down (appendage are not fully straight so it uses proximal/distal)) (ex: my elbow is more proximal to my wrist) |
| Anterior: | Front (toward the front/in front of) |
| Posterior: opposite of anterior | Back (toward the back/back of the body) |
| anterior direction: | is moving toward the front of the body |
| posterior direction: opposite of anterior direction - | is moving toward the back of the body |
| Medial: | closer to the midline of the body or a central reference line. |
| Lateral: opposite of medial | which means further away from the midline. |
| medial direction: | is moving toward the midline of the body |
| lateral direction: opposite of medial direction | is moving away from the midline |
| Cephalic (infant/crawling position related): | towards the head |
| Rostral (infant/crawling position related): | towards the nose |
| Caudal (infant/crawling position related): | towards the tail - tail end |
| cephalad direction: | is moving toward the head |
| caudad direction: opposite of cephalad | is moving toward the tailbone. |
| Dorsal: (Dorsal and ventral is related to babies (having a top and a bottom) | toward the backside/posterior side of the body - upper side |
| Ventral: opposite of dorsal | directed toward the belly of the body - ex: the chest - belly side |
| Ipsilateral: | on the same side of the body - right foot with right leg |
| Contralateral: opposite of ipsilateral | a structure located on the opposite side of the body from another structure. - right arm and left arm |
| Proximal: | closer to the center of the body or the point of attachment of a limb - towards the hips/shoulders the elbow to the wrist |
| Distal: opposite of proximal | further away from the center of the body or the point of attachment for a limb - towards the hands/toes hand to their shoulder |
| Proximal direction: | is moving away from the fingers or toes toward the trunk |
| Distal direction: opposite of proximal direction | is moving away from the trunk of the body toward the fingers or toes |
| Superficial: | closer to the surface of the body or closer to the skin's surface - the skin is an example to the underlying muscles and bones. |
| Deep: opposite of superficial | farther from the body's surface - the brain within the skull |
| External: | the superficial or outer part of the body or an organ |
| Internal: opposite of external | deep inside the body or an organ. |
| Integumentary system: | the skin and its associated structures—hair, nails, and glands—that serve as the body's outer covering and perform functions like protection, temperature regulation, and sensation. |
| Integumentary function: | (sensory, immune) protects the body from external harm, regulates temperature, provides sensory feedback, and synthesizes vitamin D. |
| Integumentary major organs: | the skin |
| Skeletal system: | the body's supportive framework, composed of bones, cartilage, and ligaments, that provides shape, protects internal organs, enables movement, stores minerals, and produces blood cells. |
| Skeletal function: | (structural support/protection) The skeleton provides the body's structural support, giving it shape and maintaining posture, and protection |
| Skeletal major organs: | bones. and also cartilage, ligaments, and tendons |
| Muscular System: | the body's network of tissues and organs, primarily muscles, that produces movement, provides stability, and maintains posture. |
| Muscular Function: | (movement) the body's network of tissues and organs, primarily muscles, that produces movement, provides stability, and maintains posture |
| Muscular major organs: | muscles and heart (cardiac muscles of the heart) |
| Nervous System: | sends messages back and forth between the brain and the body. brain controls all the body's functions. spinal cord runs from the brain down through the back. |
| Nervous function: | (coordinating body function, response to sensory) sensory input, integration, and motor output to coordinate body functions and interactions with the environment - produces responses like movement or the release of hormones. |
| Nervous major organ: | brain, spinal cords, (complex network of) nerves |
| Endocrine System: | a network of glands and organs that produce hormones, which are chemical messengers that regulate various bodily functions like metabolism, reproduction, growth, development, mood, and stress responses. |
| Endocrine function: | (long-term coordination) uses hormones, chemical messengers released into the bloodstream by glands, to regulate vital body functions like metabolism, growth, development, reproduction, mood, and stress response. |
| Endocrine major organs: | glands, (pancreas & thyroid) the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, thymus, adrenal glands, pancreas, and the gonads (ovaries in females and testes in males), along with the pineal gland |
| Circulatory System: | is the body's transportation network, consisting of the heart, blood, and blood vessels, that delivers oxygen and nutrients to tissues and removes waste products like carbon dioxide |
| Circulatory function: | (moves blood) the body's essential delivery/waste removal network, pump blood through the heart/blood vessels to deliver oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to all cells while removing metabolic wastes like carbon dioxide. |
| Circulatory major organs: | the heart and the blood vessels, which include arteries, veins, and capillaries |
| Lymphatic/immune System: | a network of vessels, organs, and cells that defend the body against infection by filtering out pathogens and other harmful substances, and by producing and distributing immune cells like lymphocytes and macrophages. |
| Lymphatic/immune function: | (immunity/protection from pathogens) work together to defend the body by filtering pathogens, maintaining fluid balance, and absorbing fats. |
| Lymphatic/immune major organs: | white blood cells & lymph nodes (bone marrow and thymus) |
| pathogen: | virus, bacteria, or fungus that uses the juices in the body for themselves |
| Respiratory system: | is the network of organs and tissues—including the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs—that facilitates the exchange of oxygen from the environment with the carbon dioxide produced by the body's cells. |
| Respiratory function: | gas exchange takes in oxygen from the air to supply the body's cells and removes carbon dioxide, a waste product, through exhalation. |
| Respiratory major organs: | lungs - (nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs) |
| Digestive system: | the body's system for breaking down food into nutrients and energy, while also eliminating waste. |
| Digestive function: | (nutrients for body, solid waste disposal) breaks down food into tiny nutrient molecules the body can absorb and use for energy, growth, and repair, while also eliminating waste products - |
| Digestive major organs: | stomach & intestines - mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus |
| Urinary system: | the body's filtration system that produces and removes urine (pee) to eliminate waste, excess fluids, and maintain the balance of water and electrolytes. |
| Urinary function: | (liquid waste removal) filters waste products, toxins, excess water, and salt from the blood, producing urine to be expelled from the body - |
| Urinary major organs: | kidneys & urinary bladder - ureters and urethra |
| Reproductive system: | the collection of biological organs, tissues, and hormones that enable an organism to produce offspring. production of sex cells (gametes) by the primary organs (gonads) |
| Reproductive function: | (for reproduction) procreation, or the production of offspring to ensure the continuation of a species. |
| Reproductive major organs: | Male: testes which produce sperm and testosterone, along with accessory organs like the epididymis, vas deferens, and prostate gland Female: ovaries which produce eggs and hormones, and the uterus, fallopian tubes, and vulva. |
| Connective tissues consist of: | areolar, adipose, dense irregular, dense regular, reticular, elastic, hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage, bone, blood |
| Areolar connective tissue: | loose, spiderweb-like appearance w randomly arranged collagen fibers pink), elastic fibers (dark purple/black), dark spots (fibroblasts) Function: allow for some stretch & bind structures together Location: under skin, around Neurovascular bundle |
| Adipose connective tissue: | circular mesh-like structures of pink and purple. Purple nucleus Function: fat storage (triglyceride) Location: hypodermis (layer of fat), surrounds the kidney |
| Dense irregular connective tissue: | pink/red watercolor appearance, densely packed mesh of collagen fibers randomly displayed, randomly displayed Function: resists pulling from many directions Location: dermis |
| Dense regular connective tissue (diagram only): | tightly packed smooth red/yellowish water color appearance, wavy but with nucleus shown, parallel Function: resists pulling, one-direction Location: tendons, ligaments |
| Reticular connective tissue: | black and purple vein like structures, mesh/net-like appearance Function: holds cells within organs Location: Found in lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and bone marrow |
| Elastic cartilage connective tissue: | dark bluish/purplish color surrounding white circles - dark Function: for the aorta to be stretchy - stretchiness Location: aorta - really big artery with really big walls, nearby the heart - elastic is used |
| Hyaline cartilage: | pink/blue smooth glassy structure with the pseudostratified ciliated columnar with it Function: structure, joint movement Location: joints, trachea |
| Fibrocartilage: | light blue, purple, pink wavy/streaky appearance with white circles Function: resist compression Location: fibrocartilage discs of spine |
| Bone connective tissue: | black/gray color encircling black nucleus Function: structure, provides protection for squishy organs Location: skeleton |
| Blood connective tissue: | pink circles everywhere and purple splotches Function: Transport (gases, nutrients, hormones) Location: In the heart, in blood vessels |
| Epithelial tissue consists of: | simple squamous, simple cuboidal, simple columnar, stratified squamous, stratified cuboidal, stratified columnar, pseudostratified columnar, transitional |
| Simple squamous epithelium: | pink/red egg yolk layer encircling white large gaps, one layer of each - function: diffusion (of gases) - location: lungs, capillaries |
| Simple cuboidal epithelium: | large pink/reddish gaps with purple/dark purple squarish singular layer encircling them - function: absorb & secrete - location: kidney, glands (endocrine glands) |
| Simple columnar epithelium: | white, pink, and purple geode looking cell, with thin layer of long narrow purple cells - columnar - function: absorb & secrete - location: GI tract & fallopian tubes |
| Keratinized Stratified squamous epithelium: | dark pink, blue, dark purple, light purple beach like cell with dark pink as the yolks - function: resists friction, prevent water loss - location: epidermis, oral cavity, and vagina |
| Stratified cuboidal epithelium: | Not shown on slides pink/purple squarish cells with multiple layers - function: produces sweat, produce ovarian hormones - location: sweat gland, ovary |
| Stratified columnar epithelium: | Not shown on slides pink/purple long narrow rectangular cells with multiple layers Example: Location mammary glands |
| Pseudostratified columnar epithelium: | pink/dark pink long and narrow cells with fuzzy stuff on top of it - looks like ghosts stacked on each other - function: create and propel mucus - location: respiratory tract |
| Urothelium/Transitional epithelium: | Pomegranate seeds of red, light pink, and dark purple nucleuses or dark spots in these - blob of dark red cells and light pinkish cells that look like layered yolks - function: expansion of urinary bladder - location: urinary bladder |
| Muscle Tissues consist of: | skeletal, cardiac, and smooth |
| Skeletal muscle: | dark pink water color like straight horizontal lines with some dark purply spots - no stripes Function: moves the body Location: connected to the skeleton |
| Cardiac muscle: | pink streaky/stripy wavy horizontal lines with white and purple spots Function: heart pumping Locations: only in the heart |
| Smooth muscle: | smooth and smeary light pink lines with the purple nucleus smeared as well Function: involuntary movement - happens automatically Location: blood vessels, hollow organs, etc |
| Nervous tissue consist of | nervous tissue |
| Nervous tissue (motor nerve cell): | pink cell that looks like bacteria, looks like old psyche drawing with darker/pigmented pink blob with cells coming out of it neuron: conducts signals Location: brain, spinal cord, nerves |
| Glial cells: | support cells - supports the neuron, feed, clean, guide growth |
| Interphase of horse ascaris eggs: | functional life of the cell, occupied 95% of the cell - pigmented blob, cannot see cells one solid color - darker pink in light pink cell |
| Prophase of horse ascaris eggs: | pigmented blob, can see cells inside nucleus |
| Metaphase of horse ascaris eggs: | dark cells are lined up in the midline |
| Anaphase of horse ascaris eggs: | centriole pulls cells from midline to either pole of the cell |
| Telophase of horse ascaris eggs: | cleavage furrow forms making a butt |
Created by:
Katepop10