Question 1

What are the four primary tissue types in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscle tissue
Nervous tissue

Question 2

Describe the main function of epithelial tissue

Accepted Answer

Covers body surfaces, lines body cavities, forms glands. Functions include protection, secretion, absorption, and filtration

Question 3

What are the three types of muscle tissue and where are they primarily found?

Accepted Answer

Skeletal Muscle: Attached to bones; responsible for voluntary moves
Cardiac Muscle: Found in the heart; responsible for pumping blood (involuntary).
Smooth Muscle: Found in walls of internal organs responsible for involuntary movements like peristalsis.

Question 4

What are the two main divisions of the nervous system and their primary components?

Accepted Answer

Central Nervous System (CNS): Brain and spinal cord.
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): All nerves outside the brain and spinal cord, including cranial and spinal nerves.

Question 5

Name the major functions of the skeletal system.

Accepted Answer

Support, protection of internal organs, mineral storage (calcium and phosphate), blood cell formation (hematopoiesis in red bone marrow), and leverage for muscle action.

Question 6

What are the three types of joints based on their range of motion (functional classification)?

Accepted Answer

Synarthroses: Immovable joints (e.g., sutures of the skull).
Amphiarthroses: Slightly movable joints (e.g., pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs).
Diarthroses (Synovial Joints): Freely movable joints (e.g., knee, shoulder, hip).

Question 7

Explain the concept of "homeostasis."

Accepted Answer

The ability of the body to maintain a relatively stable internal environment despite changes in external conditions. It involves dynamic equilibrium maintained by feedback mechanisms.

Question 8

Differentiate between negative feedback and positive feedback mechanisms.

Accepted Answer

Negative Feedback: The most common type; the response reverses the original stimulus (e.g., regulation of body temperature, blood glucose).
Positive Feedback: The response enhances or amplifies the original stimulus (e.g., childbirth)

Question 9

What is the primary function of the integumentary system?

Accepted Answer

Protection of the body from environmental damage, regulation of body temperature, sensory reception, synthesis of Vitamin D, and excretion of wastes.

Question 10

List the major organs of the digestive system (alimentary canal).

Accepted Answer

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus. (Accessory organs: teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas).

Question 11

Describe the pathway of blood through the heart, starting from the superior/inferior vena cava.

Accepted Answer

Superior/Inferior Vena Cava → Right Atrium → Tricuspid Valve → Right Ventricle → Pulmonary Valve → Pulmonary Artery → Lungs → Pulmonary Veins → Left Atrium → Mitral (Bicuspid) Valve → Left Ventricle → Aortic Valve → Aorta → Body.

Question 12

What is the basic functional unit of the kidney responsible for filtering blood and forming urine?

Accepted Answer

The nephron.

Question 13

What are the three main types of blood cells and their primary functions?

Accepted Answer

Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells): Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Leukocytes (White Blood Cells): Part of the immune system; defend against pathogens.
Platelets (Thrombocytes): Involved in blood clotting.

Question 14

Explain the difference between anatomy and physiology.

Accepted Answer

Anatomy: The study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another. (bones of hand).
Physiology: The study of the function of body parts; how they work to carry out life-sustaining activities. (How muscles in hand allow grasping)

Question 15

What are the major endocrine glands and what is their general function?

Accepted Answer

Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, gonads (ovaries/testes), pineal, and thymus. General function, to produce/secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream, regulating various body functions such as metabolism, growth, and reproduction.

Question 16

List the six levels of structural organization in the human body, from simplest to most complex.

Accepted Answer

Chemical level (atoms, molecules)
Cellular level (cells)
Tissue level (groups of similar cells)
Organ level (two or more tissue types working together)
Organ System level (organs working together)
Organismal level (the whole living being)

Question 17

Name and briefly describe the three main anatomical planes used to divide the body.

Accepted Answer

Sagittal (Midsagittal/Parasagittal): Divides body into right and left parts.
Frontal (Coronal): Divides body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts.
Transverse (Horizontal/Axial): Divides body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts.

Question 18

What are the two major body cavities, and what primary organs do they contain?

Accepted Answer

Dorsal Cavity: Contains the Cranial cavity (brain) and Vertebral cavity (spinal cord).
Ventral Cavity: Contains the Thoracic cavity (heart, lungs) and Abdominopelvic cavity (digestive, urinary, reproductive organs).

Question 19

Name three essential organelles within a typical human cell and their primary functions.

Accepted Answer

Nucleus: Contains DNA; controls cell.
Mitochondria: Produce ATP (energy).
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Synthesizes proteins and lipids.

Question 20

Differentiate between passive and active transport across the cell membrane.

Accepted Answer

Passive Transport: Moves substances down concentration gradient; no ATP needed. (e.g., diffusion)
Active Transport: Moves substances against concentration gradient; requires ATP. (e.g., pumps)

Veronica Arambula

weeks 1-5 midterm stack


What are the four primary tissue types in the human body?	Epithelial tissue Connective tissue Muscle tissue Nervous tissue
Describe the main function of epithelial tissue	Covers body surfaces, lines body cavities, forms glands. Functions include protection, secretion, absorption, and filtration
What are the three types of muscle tissue and where are they primarily found?	Skeletal Muscle: Attached to bones; responsible for voluntary moves Cardiac Muscle: Found in the heart; responsible for pumping blood (involuntary). Smooth Muscle: Found in walls of internal organs responsible for involuntary movements like peristalsis.
What are the two main divisions of the nervous system and their primary components?	Central Nervous System (CNS): Brain and spinal cord. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): All nerves outside the brain and spinal cord, including cranial and spinal nerves.
Name the major functions of the skeletal system.	Support, protection of internal organs, mineral storage (calcium and phosphate), blood cell formation (hematopoiesis in red bone marrow), and leverage for muscle action.
What are the three types of joints based on their range of motion (functional classification)?	Synarthroses: Immovable joints (e.g., sutures of the skull). Amphiarthroses: Slightly movable joints (e.g., pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs). Diarthroses (Synovial Joints): Freely movable joints (e.g., knee, shoulder, hip).
Explain the concept of "homeostasis."	The ability of the body to maintain a relatively stable internal environment despite changes in external conditions. It involves dynamic equilibrium maintained by feedback mechanisms.
Differentiate between negative feedback and positive feedback mechanisms.	Negative Feedback: The most common type; the response reverses the original stimulus (e.g., regulation of body temperature, blood glucose). Positive Feedback: The response enhances or amplifies the original stimulus (e.g., childbirth)
What is the primary function of the integumentary system?	Protection of the body from environmental damage, regulation of body temperature, sensory reception, synthesis of Vitamin D, and excretion of wastes.
List the major organs of the digestive system (alimentary canal).	Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus. (Accessory organs: teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas).
Describe the pathway of blood through the heart, starting from the superior/inferior vena cava.	Superior/Inferior Vena Cava → Right Atrium → Tricuspid Valve → Right Ventricle → Pulmonary Valve → Pulmonary Artery → Lungs → Pulmonary Veins → Left Atrium → Mitral (Bicuspid) Valve → Left Ventricle → Aortic Valve → Aorta → Body.
What is the basic functional unit of the kidney responsible for filtering blood and forming urine?	The nephron.
What are the three main types of blood cells and their primary functions?	Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells): Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide. Leukocytes (White Blood Cells): Part of the immune system; defend against pathogens. Platelets (Thrombocytes): Involved in blood clotting.
Explain the difference between anatomy and physiology.	Anatomy: The study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another. (bones of hand). Physiology: The study of the function of body parts; how they work to carry out life-sustaining activities. (How muscles in hand allow grasping)
What are the major endocrine glands and what is their general function?	Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, gonads (ovaries/testes), pineal, and thymus. General function, to produce/secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream, regulating various body functions such as metabolism, growth, and reproduction.
List the six levels of structural organization in the human body, from simplest to most complex.	Chemical level (atoms, molecules) Cellular level (cells) Tissue level (groups of similar cells) Organ level (two or more tissue types working together) Organ System level (organs working together) Organismal level (the whole living being)
Name and briefly describe the three main anatomical planes used to divide the body.	Sagittal (Midsagittal/Parasagittal): Divides body into right and left parts. Frontal (Coronal): Divides body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts. Transverse (Horizontal/Axial): Divides body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts.
What are the two major body cavities, and what primary organs do they contain?	Dorsal Cavity: Contains the Cranial cavity (brain) and Vertebral cavity (spinal cord). Ventral Cavity: Contains the Thoracic cavity (heart, lungs) and Abdominopelvic cavity (digestive, urinary, reproductive organs).
Name three essential organelles within a typical human cell and their primary functions.	Nucleus: Contains DNA; controls cell. Mitochondria: Produce ATP (energy). Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Synthesizes proteins and lipids.
Differentiate between passive and active transport across the cell membrane.	Passive Transport: Moves substances down concentration gradient; no ATP needed. (e.g., diffusion) Active Transport: Moves substances against concentration gradient; requires ATP. (e.g., pumps)

"Know" box contains:
Time elapsed:
Retries: