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Chapter 3
Musculoskeletal System
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Spiral fracture | Spread along length of bone and produced by twisting stress |
| Le Fort I fracture | Horizontal fracture from nasal septum to lateral piriform rims, above teeth apices, through zygomaticomaxillary junction and pterygomaxillary junction, interrupting pterygoid plates |
| Le Fort II fracture | Pyramidal fracture from nasal bridge through frontal process of maxilla, lacrimal bones, inferior orbital floor, maxillary sinus, under zygoma to pterygoid plates |
| Le Fort III fracture | Transverse fracture causing craniofacial separation; extends through orbits, zygomatic arch, and base of ethmoid |
| Closed fracture | Does not involve a break in the skin |
| Colles’ fracture | Occurs in wrist and affects the distal radius bone |
| Comminuted fracture | More than two separate bone components (fragments) |
| Compound fracture | Projects through the skin with a possibility of infection |
| Compression fracture | Vertebrae collapse due to trauma, tumor, or osteoporosis |
| Epiphyseal fracture | Occurs when matrix is calcifying, seen in children |
| Greenstick fracture | One side of shaft is broken and other is bent, common in children |
| Tubular | Long bones |
| Short | Cube-shaped bones such as wrist and ankle bones |
| Sesamoid | Short bone formed within tendons; patella is the largest |
| Cuboidal | Short bones |
| Flat | Spongy bone between two layers of compact bone, like skull/ribs |
| Irregular | Bones not fitting other types; e.g. vertebrae, zygoma, mandible |
| Axial skeleton | 80 bones total in axial skeleton |
| Skull | Bony housing for brain; includes 8 bones |
| Bicep | Flexes the elbow and rotates the forearm |
| Deltoid | Flexes the arm away from the body (abduction) |
| Gastrocnemius | Flexes knee and foot (plantar flexion) |
| Hamstring | Flexes knee and extends hip |
| Pectoral | Adducts and rotates arm inward |
| Quadricep | Keeps knee stable and straightens it |
| Triceps | Extends elbow and stabilizes humerus |
| Skeletal muscle | Striated, voluntary muscle attached to skeleton |
| Cardiac muscle | Heart muscle; involuntary striated, conducts impulses |
| Smooth muscle | Lines hollow organs; involuntary movement |
| Arthr(o)/Articul(o) | Joint |
| Burs(o) | Bursa |
| Carp(o) | Wrist |
| Chondr(o) | Cartilage |
| Cost(o) | Rib |
| Fasci(o) | Fascia |
| Kyph(o) | Hump |
| Muscul(o)/My(o) | Muscle |
| Myel(o) | Bone marrow |
| Oste(o) | Bone |
| Spondyl(o) | Vertebra |
| Synov(i) | Synovium |
| Ten(o) | Tendon |
| Anterior | At or near the front of the body (front view). Opposite: Posterior. |
| Distal | Farther from the origin of the structure. Opposite: Proximal. |
| Dorsal | The back or upper side. Opposite: Ventral. |
| Dorsoradial | Both dorsal and radial in direction. |
| Inferior | Something below. Example: The feet are inferior to the knees. Opposite: Superior. |
| Lateral | Farther from midline (side view). Opposite: Medial. |
| Medial | Closer to midline (side view). Opposite: Lateral. |
| Midline | An imaginary vertical line that divides the body equally in half. |
| Posterior | At or near the back of the body (back view). Opposite: Anterior. |
| Prone | Lying face down. Opposite: Supine. |
| Proximal | Closer to the origin of the structure. Opposite: Distal. |
| Radial | Structures closer to the radius. Opposite: Ulnar. |
| Superior | Something above. Example: The head is superior to the neck. Opposite: Inferior. |
| Supine | Lying face up. Opposite: Prone. |
| Transverse | Lying in a crosswise direction (horizontal). |
| Valgus | Angulation where the distal end of the long bone is pointing outward or is more lateral. |
| Varus | Angulation where the distal end of the long bone is pointing inward or is more medial. |
| Ventral | The front or lower side. |
| Volar | Relating to the palm of the hand or the sole of the foot. |
| Trigger finger release | Tenolysis at A1 pulley to allow more movement of flexor tendon through tendon sheath. |
| Trigger point injection | Injections into a muscle trigger point with anesthetic/steroid to relieve pain. |
| Vertebroplasty | Minimally invasive surgery to treat spinal compression fracture with bone cement. |
| FDP | Flexor digitorum profundus |
| ECU | Extensor carpi ulnaris |
| FPL | Flexor pollicis longus |
| EIP | Extensor indicis proprius |
| EPL | Extensor pollicis longus |
| EHL | Extensor hallucis longus |
| APL | Abductor pollicis longus |
| AT | Achilles tendon |
| ECRB | Extensor carpi radialis brevis |
| FDL | Flexor digitorum longus |
| ECRL | Extensor carpi radialis longus |
| FHL | Flexor hallucis longus |
| PTB | Patellar tendon bearing |
| EDM | Extensor digiti minimi |
| PT | Patellar tendon |
| Tuberosity | Large prominence on bone for attachment of muscles or ligaments. |
| A1 pulley | Band of tissue holding flexor tendon closely to finger bones, near palm. |
| Arthrocentesis | Surgical puncture of a joint for aspiration of fluid. |
| Arthrodesis | Surgical fixation of a joint. |
| Aspiration | Withdrawal of fluid or tissue from the body, typically using a needle. |
| Calcaneus | Large bone of the heel. |
| Carpal | Pertaining to the wrist bones. |
| Concentric reduction | Putting a dislocated joint back to its normal position, allowing the joint to move freely. |
| Chondral | Pertaining to cartilage. |
| Coccygeal | Pertaining to the coccyx. |
| Connective | Tissue connecting or binding together. |
| Crystalloid (solution) | Used to increase intravascular volume caused by loss of fluid during surgery. |
| Dactylic | Pertaining to finger or toe. |
| Femoral | Pertaining to femur (thigh bone) |
| Hallux | Refers to the big toe |
| Hallux rigidus | Refers to a stiff big toe, usually due to osteoarthritis and bone spur formation of the MTP joint. |
| Hallux valgus | A progressive deformity of the metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint causing the MTP joint to move out. |
| Hammer toe | Deformity of the toe where the toe(s) curl downward instead of lying flat. |
| Iliac | Pertaining to the ilium. |
| Metacarpal | Long bones of the hand that form the skeletal structure of the palm. |
| Metatarsal | Area of foot between the ankle and toes, bones extending from tarsus to phalanges. |
| Osteoblast | Cells that form bone tissue. |
| Patellar | Pertaining to patella. |
| Phalanges | Bones of the fingers and toes. |
| Sternotomy | Surgical incision of sternum. |
| Tarsal | Pertaining to the tarsal bones in the foot. |
Created by:
antbell12