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Session 7: Review
Social/Economic Change, Domestic Issues, and U.S. in a Changing World
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Martin Luther King Jr. | Leader of the SCLC who advocated for non-violent civil disobedience and gave the famous “I Have a Dream” speech |
| Stokely Carmichael | Leader of the SNCC who popularized the term “Black Power” and later aligned with the Black Panther Party, advocating for self-defense and racial pride |
| Fannie Lou Hamer | A civil rights activist who co-founded the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party, fought for African American voting rights |
| Malcolm X | Promoted Black nationalism and self-defense |
| NAACP | Used legal strategies to challenge segregation, such as in Brown v. Board of Education; oldest civil rights organization in the U.S |
| SCLC | Led by MLK Jr., focused on peaceful protests and boycotts to fight segregation in the South |
| SNCC | Youth-led civil rights group known for sit-ins, Freedom Rides, and voter registration drives in the South |
| Montgomery Bus Boycott | Sparked by Rosa Parks’ arrest in 1955; led to the desegregation of buses in Montgomery, Alabama |
| Little Rock Nine | A group of Black students who integrated Central High School in Arkansas under military protection. They received pushback from the community and governor. President Eisenhower sent federal troops to enforce school integration |
| Birmingham Protest (1963) | Peaceful protest met with violence; images of police brutality helped gain support for civil rights legislation |
| March on Washington (1963) | A massive rally for jobs and freedom where MLK gave his “I Have a Dream” speech |
| Civil Rights Act of 1964 | Outlawed discrimination in public places, employment, and schools based on race, religion, or gender |
| Voting Rights Act of 1965 | Banned literacy tests and allowed federal oversight of voter registration in discriminatory areas |
| Brown v. Board of Education (1954) | Declared racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional |
| Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) | The case that Brown v. Board overturned; it had allowed “separate but equal” segregation |
| Heart of Atlanta Motel Inc. v. U.S. (1964) | Upheld the Civil Rights Act; ruled that businesses couldn’t discriminate against customers based on race |
| The Feminine Mystique | Book by Betty Friedan that sparked the modern women's movement by challenging traditional gender roles |
| National Organization for Women (NOW) | Advocated for gender equality, including workplace rights and abortion access. |
| Equal Pay Act (1963) | Required equal pay for equal work regardless of gender |
| Roe v. Wade (1973) | Supreme Court case that legalized abortion under the right to privacy |
| American Indian Movement (AIM) | Fought for sovereignty, land rights, and the end of police brutality |
| Cesar Chavez | Co-founder of the United Farm Workers (UFW); used nonviolent protests like boycotts to fight for farm labor rights |
| Goals of the United Farm Workers | Improve working conditions, wages, and rights for migrant farmworkers |
| Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) | Ensures students with disabilities receive free appropriate public education |
| Americans with Disabilities Act (1990) | Prohibits discrimination based on disability in jobs, transportation, and public accommodations |
| Immigration Act of 1965 | Abolished quotas based on nationality and diversified immigration sources |
| Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 | Granted amnesty to undocumented immigrants and penalized employers who hired them illegally |
| Stonewall Inn Riots (1969) | Police raid of a gay bar sparked a series of protests that launched the modern LGBTQ+ rights movement. Led to the formation of advocacy groups and annual Pride marches |
| Silent Spring (1962) | Book by Rachel Carson that exposed dangers of pesticides and sparked the environmental movement |
| Clean Air Act (1970) | Regulated air pollution and emissions |
| Clean Water Act (1972) | Aimed to reduce water pollution and protect waterways |
| Endangered Species Act (1973) | Protected animals and plants at risk of extinction |
| Engel v. Vitale (1962) | Declared school-sponsored prayer unconstitutional |
| Tinker v. Des Moines (1969) | Students can express themselves at school as long as they do not disrupt the learning environment |
| New Jersey v. T.L.O. (1985 | Ruled that schools can search students with reasonable suspicion |
| Lyndon B. Johnson’s Great Society | A set of programs aimed to eliminate poverty and racial injustice (Medicare, Medicaid, education). Federal government increased in size |
| Reaganomics | Economic policy under Reagan; advocated for tax cuts, deregulation, and reduced government spending. Federal government decreased in size |
| Mapp v. Ohio (1961) | Evidence obtained illegally cannot be used in court (exclusionary rule) |
| Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) | Guaranteed the right to an attorney, even if one cannot afford it |
| Miranda v. Arizona (1966) | Required police to inform suspects of their rights before questioning |
| Strategic Defense Initiative | Reagan’s proposed space-based missile defense system, nicknamed “Star Wars” |
| Patriot Act (2001) | Passed after 9/11; gave government broad surveillance powers. Controversial due to concerns about civil liberties |
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jeguevara