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Topic 5:
Cold War to Modern Day: U.S. History and Gov
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cold War | A period of political tension and military rivalry between the U.S. and USSR after WWII, without direct warfare. (Democracy vs. Communism) |
| Containment | U.S. foreign policy to prevent the spread of communism |
| NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) | A military alliance of Western nations formed to counter Soviet expansion |
| Warsaw Pact | A military alliance of communist nations in Eastern Europe, led by the USSR |
| Truman Doctrine | U.S. policy to provide military aid to countries resisting communism |
| Marshall Plan | U.S. program that provided economic aid to rebuild European countries after WWII |
| Berlin Airlift | U.S. and British effort to fly supplies into West Berlin after the Soviets blockaded the city |
| McCarthyism | The practice of accusing people of communism without proper evidence, named after Senator Joseph McCarthy |
| HUAC (House Un-American Activities Committee) | Investigated alleged disloyalty and communist activities, especially in Hollywood |
| Bay of Pigs Invasion | Failed U.S.-backed attempt by Cuban exiles to overthrow Fidel Castro |
| Cuban Missile Crisis | A confrontation between the U.S. and USSR over Soviet missiles in Cuba |
| Nuclear Test Ban Treaty | Agreement to prohibit nuclear weapons tests in the atmosphere, space, and underwater |
| Arms Race | Competition between the U.S. and USSR to build more and stronger nuclear weapons |
| Space Race | Competition between the U.S. and USSR to dominate space exploration; began with Sputnik |
| Korean War | Conflict between communist North Korea and anti-communist South Korea; ended in a stalemate at the 38th parallel |
| Vietnam War | A war to prevent communism in South Vietnam; escalated by U.S. involvement after the Gulf of Tonkin incident |
| Gulf of Tonkin Resolution | Gave President Johnson broad powers to escalate U.S. military involvement in Vietnam |
| Anti-War Movement | Protests against the Vietnam War, especially among youth and college students |
| Détente | Policy of easing Cold War tensions, introduced by President Nixon |
| War Powers Act (1973) | Law limiting the president’s power to send U.S. forces into combat without congressional approval |
| Watergate Scandal | A political scandal involving illegal activities by Nixon’s re-election campaign and a cover-up of their actions |
| U.S. v. Nixon (1974) | Supreme Court case that limited executive privilege; led to Nixon’s resignation |
| Camp David Accords (1978) | eace agreement between Egypt and Israel assisted by President Carter |
| Perestroika | Soviet policy of economic restructuring introduced by Mikhail Gorbachev |
| Glasnost | Soviet policy of openness and increased transparency under Gorbachev |
| Fall of the Berlin Wall (1989) | Symbolized the end of Soviet influence in Eastern Europe and the Cold War |
| Martin Luther King Jr. | Leader of non-violent protests and civil rights marches |
| Malcolm X | Civil rights leader who advocated for black empowerment and self-defense |
| NAACP | Civil rights group that used the court system to challenge segregation |
| SCLC | Led by MLK; organized non-violent protests |
| SNCC | Student-led civil rights group known for sit-ins and Freedom Rides |
| Montgomery Bus Boycott | Protest against segregated buses sparked by Rosa Parks’ arrest |
| Little Rock Nine | African American students who integrated a high school in Arkansas. They faced discrimination because of it |
| Civil Rights Act of 1964 | Banned discrimination in public places and employment |
| Voting Rights Act of 1965 | Banned literacy tests and other practices that denied voting rights |
| Brown v. Board of Education (1954) | Declared segregation in public schools unconstitutional |
| Heart of Atlanta Motel v. U.S. (1964) | Upheld Civil Rights Act ban on segregation in public accommodations |
| National Organization for Women (NOW) | Advocated for women’s rights and equality |
| Equal Pay Act (1963) | Required equal pay for equal work regardless of gender |
| Roe v. Wade (1973) | Legalized abortion nationwide |
| AIM (American Indian Movement) | Advocated for Native American right |
| Russell Means | Leader in the American Indian Movement |
| Cesar Chavez | Labor leader who founded the United Farm Workers to improve conditions for farmworkers |
| Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) | Ensures services for students with disabilities |
| Americans with Disabilities Act | Prohibits discrimination against people with disabilities |
| Immigration Act of 1965 | Abolished quotas based on nationality |
| Immigration Reform and Control Act | Penalized employers who hired undocumented immigrants |
| Engel v. Vitale (1962) | Ruled school-sponsored prayer unconstitutional. |
| Tinker v. Des Moines (1969) | Upheld students’ rights to protest in schools |
| NJ v. TLO (1985) | Gave schools limited authority to search students |
| Mapp v. Ohio (1961) | illegally obtained evidence not allowed |
| Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) | Right to legal counsel in criminal cases |
| Miranda v. Arizona (1966) | Required police to inform suspects of their rights |
| Lyndon B. Johnson – The Great Society | Programs to eliminate poverty and racial injustice; expanded federal government |
| Ronald Reagan – Reaganomics | Economic policy focused on tax cuts, deregulation, and reduced government spending; decreased government involvement |
| Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) | Reagan's plan to develop space-based missile defense |
| Persian Gulf War (1990–1991) | U.S. led effort to take out Iraqi forces from Kuwait |
| 2000 Presidential Election | Controversial election where George W. Bush won despite losing the popular vote |
| 9/11 Attacks | Terrorist attacks that led to major U.S. foreign and domestic policy shifts |
| Patriot Act (2001) | Gave government expanded surveillance powers; criticized for violating civil liberties |
| War in Afghanistan | U.S. invasion to dismantle al-Qaeda and remove the Taliban |
| War in Iraq | U.S. invasion based on claims Iraq possessed weapons of mass destruction |
Created by:
jeguevara