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Final Review Guide
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Define civilization: | a group of people who shared the same language, government, religion |
| Explain how to read a timeline: | from left to right, the events on the left happened earlier than the events on the right (BCE to CE) |
| What does BCE stand for? | Before Common Era |
| What does CE stand for? | Common Era |
| Define artifacts: | objects from the past |
| What evidence would an archaeologist want to analyze and why? | clothing, tools, weapons and coins to better understand the ways in which people lived |
| What is a primary source? | first hand eyewitness account created during that time period |
| Give two examples of a primary source: | Examples would be diary, speech, letter, picture |
| What is a secondary source? | second hand account created after the event |
| Give two examples of secondary source: | Examples would be textbook, newspaper, internet |
| What does the word “Mesopotamia” mean? | land between the rivers |
| Name the twin rivers: | Tigris and Euphrates |
| How did the Mesopotamians benefit from the twin rivers? | trade/travel, irrigate crops, fishing, drinking water |
| Why was Hammurabi’s Code of Law so important for the Ancient Mesopotamians? | an eye for an eye, strict laws and harsh punishments , 1st set of written laws |
| What two farming methods did the Mesopotamian’s use? | Irrigation canals and plow |
| Why were the two farming methods so valuable? | a surplus of crops which created a stable food supply so that other Mesopotamians could have different jobs |
| Define Monotheism: | belief in one god |
| Define Polytheism: | belief in many gods |
| Identify the Egyptian Social classes | pharoah, vizier, scribes, and craftspeople, peasants and farmers, slaves |
| Why are the social classes shown in the shape of a pyramid? | The most power was in the hands of the few at the top- 1 Pharoah, a few noblemen |
| What is Papyrus and why was it such an important invention for the Egyptians? : | hieroglyphics were written on papyrus- hieroglyphics used for receipts for trade, taxes, and wars |
| Identify 5 ways the ancient Egyptians depended on the Nile river: | Provided a sense of direction, Provided silt for fertile soil, Fresh drinking water, Trade and Travel, Water to irrigate crops |
| Describe the Nile River during Inundation? | Nile flooding caused silt and water to create fertile soil for a surplus, Farmers built pyramids, June-September |
| How did the Ancient Egyptians benefit from Inundation? | Farmers built pyramids , silt and water created fertile soil |
| Why were the pyramids built? | Burial tombs for pharaohs |
| What is the biggest misconception about slaves? | believed the slaves built the pyramids however, the farmers built the pyramids |
| What was mummification? | process of preserving the body so that the soul could recognize the body for an afterlife |
| Why did the ancient Egyptians mummify the dead? | so that the soul could recognize the body for an afterlife |
| Why was the Rosetta Stone such an important discovery? | helped translate hieroglyphics to understand how the Egyptians lived |
| Identify four geographical features that made up Outer China: | Tibetan Plateau, Himalayas Mountains, Taklamakan Desert, Gobi Desert |
| Identify three geographical features that made up Inner China: | North China Plains, Huang He River, Chang Jiang River Valley |
| Based on your knowledge of Inner and Outer China, where did the first inhabitants live and why? | North China Plains because of flat, fertile land, good for grazing animals, and the loess from the Gobi Desert makes the land fertile when the Huang He floods. |
| Why was bronze such an important discovery for ancient China? | Created during the Shang dynasty which made powerful weapons |
| What was the purpose of Oracle Bones? | The purpose is for the king to ask ancestors for advice on important matters |
| Define Mandate of Heaven: | The right to rule given by Heaven |
| Complete the Dynastic Cycle chart below: | Powerful leader (Mandate of Heaven), Period of prosperity, time of decline (loss of mandate), rebellion |
| How should a ruler govern if following Confucianism? | Ruler should be honest, fair and wise |
| How should a ruler govern if following Legalism? | Ruler follows strict laws and harsh punishments |
| Why was silk so valuable for the ancient Chinese? | only the Chinese knew how to produce it which made it extremely valuable |
| Why did the ancient Chinese construct/build the Great Wall of China? | built to protect the empire from northern invaders |
| Identify two geographical features and explain how each affected the development of ancient Greece: | 1) mountains- isolated city-states, made trade/travel difficult, little fertile land 2)seas- used to trade/travel with other civilizations, used to set up colonies, attacked by pirates/sudden storms |
| Define city-state: | a city with a single ruler who controlled the surrounding land |
| Why did the ancient Greeks set up colonies in distant lands? | They didn’t have enough fertile land for farmland |
| Who belonged to the Athenian Assembly? | males citizens over 18 years old |
| What is the purpose of the Athenian Assembly? | Discuss, debate and vote on laws |
| Define Democracy: | A government ruled by male citizens over the age of 18 who voted in the assembly |
| Define Monarchy: | A single ruler who inherited power |
| Define Tyranny: | 1 ruler; seized power (took power by force); made false promises and were usually overthrown |
| Which government did the Sparta’s follow and describe it? | oligarchy- power to rule is in the hands of a few, wealthy aristocrats; ignored needs of the poor |
| What were two important outcomes of the Persian War? | Greeks kept their independence, The Greeks won with less land and fewer people |
| According to the ancient myth, who founded Rome? | Rome was founded by Romulus and Remus, raised by a she-wolf |
| Define a Roman Republic: | Government ruled by elected leaders/officials |
| Describe Plebians | Majority of the population, craftworkers, not allowed to participate in government Senate/Consuls, forced into the army and paid taxes |
| Describe Patricians | wealthy landowners, members of the Senate/Consuls, do not pay taxes, held high military positions |
| Why was Julius Caesar assassinated? | Senate feared they would lose their power if he declared himself king, assassinated him |
| What was Feudalism and why was it created? | a give and take relationship between the social classes based on loyalty and protection that created law and order |
| Why were castles built? | protection |
| What contributed to the growth of towns and cities during the Middle Ages? | Feudalism had to come to an end for towns and cities to grow, trade and travel increased |
| Who signed the Magna Carta and what did it state? | The Magna Carta is a document signed by King John of England that limits his power. The document states that the king must follow the same laws as everyone else making everyone equal. |
| How did the Black/Bubonic Plague affect the people that survived in Medieval Europe? | Many people died in the towns, opened up jobs for serfs, Serfs rebelled against Nobles on manors to go to towns to get better jobs |
| Why did Feudalism come to an end? | Many people died because of the Black Death/Plague. This left job opportunities which serfs on manors wanted. This, in effect, ended feudalism. |
| Identify two positive effects that the Crusades had on Medieval Europe: | 1) Trade increased in towns due to spices, silk, and rice, 2) Muslims and Christians learned to respect each other |
Created by:
Mtenney