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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Absolute monarchy | A king or queen with total control over the government and people. |
| Divine right | The belief that a ruler's power comes from God. |
| Edict of Nantes | A 1598 law that gave French Protestants (Huguenots) religious freedom. |
| “L’état, c’est moi” | French for “I am the state”; said by Louis XIV to show he had all the power. |
| Intendants | Royal officials in France who collected taxes and enforced the king’s laws. |
| Versailles | A grand palace built by Louis XIV to show his power and control the nobles. |
| Renaissance | A period of cultural revival in Europe (14th-17th centuries) that focused on art, science, and literature. |
| Humanism | An intellectual movement that emphasized human potential and achievements, inspired by ancient Greece and Rome. |
| Secular | Not connected to religion; focused on non-religious matters. |
| Patrons | People who financially support artists, writers, or scholars. |
| Perspective | A technique in art that gives the illusion of depth and space on a flat surface. |
| Sistine Chapel | A famous chapel in the Vatican, known for Michelangelo’s stunning frescoes on the ceiling. |
| The Prince | A book by Niccolò Machiavelli that gives advice to rulers on gaining and maintaining power, often seen as pragmatic or ruthless. |
| Christian humanist | A person who combined humanism with Christian beliefs, focusing on improving society through faith and reason. |
| Printing press | A machine invented by Johannes Gutenberg that made printing books faster and cheaper, spreading ideas widely. |
| Gutenberg Bible | The first major book printed using movable type, produced by Johannes Gutenberg around 1455. |
| Indulgence | A payment made to the Catholic Church that was believed to reduce punishment for sins. |
| 95 Theses | A list of criticisms by Martin Luther against the Catholic Church, especially about indulgences, nailed to a church door in 1517. |
| Lutherans | Followers of Martin Luther’s teachings, especially his belief that salvation comes through faith alone. |
| Protestant | A member of Christian churches that broke away from the Catholic Church during the Reformation, rejecting papal authority. |
| Annul | To declare something (usually a marriage) invalid, as if it never existed. |
| Act of Supremacy | A 1534 law passed by King Henry VIII declaring him the supreme head of the Church of England. |
| Anglican Church | The Christian denomination formed in England during the reign of Henry VIII, with the king as its leader. |
| Spanish Armada | A large fleet of Spanish ships sent to invade England in 1588, but defeated by the English navy. |
| Predestination | The belief that God has already determined who will be saved and who will not, a key idea in Calvinism. |
| Calvinism | A Protestant religion founded by John Calvin, emphasizing predestination and the absolute power of God. |
| Theocracy | A system of government in which religious leaders rule in the name of God. |
| Catholic Reformation | The Catholic Church’s response to the Protestant Reformation, aiming to reform the Church and reaffirm Catholic beliefs. |
| Jesuits | A religious order founded by Ignatius of Loyola, known for missionary work, education, and spreading Catholicism. |
| Council of Trent | A series of meetings (1545-1563) where Catholic leaders addressed church reforms and clarified Catholic doctrine. |
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dftgy7